{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T19:32:48Z","timestamp":1783020768792,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]],"date-time":"2014-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415750400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The results of several research campaigns investigating cup anemometer performance carried out since 2008 at the IDR\/UPM Institute are included in the present paper. Several analysis of large series of calibrations were done by studying the effect of the rotor\u2019s geometry, climatic conditions during calibration, and anemometers\u2019 ageing. More specific testing campaigns were done regarding the cup anemometer rotor aerodynamics, and the anemometer signals. The effect of the rotor\u2019s geometry on the cup anemometer transfer function has been investigated experimentally and analytically. The analysis of the anemometer\u2019s output signal as a way of monitoring the anemometer status is revealed as a promising procedure for detecting anomalies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141121418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]],"date-time":"2014-11-12T11:53:07Z","timestamp":1415793187000},"page":"21418-21452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":56,"title":["The Cup Anemometer, a Fundamental Meteorological Instrument for the Wind Energy Industry. Research at the IDR\/UPM Institute"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2073-8275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santiago","family":"Pindado","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Microgravedad \"Ignacio Da Riva\" (IDR\/UPM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Aeron\u00e1utica y del Espacio, Pza. Del Cardenal Cisneros 3, Madrid 28040, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Infraestructura, Sistemas Aeroespaciales y Aeropuertos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Aeron\u00e1utica y del Espacio, Pza. Del Cardenal Cisneros 3, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9787-3796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Javier","family":"Cubas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Microgravedad \"Ignacio Da Riva\" (IDR\/UPM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Aeron\u00e1utica y del Espacio, Pza. Del Cardenal Cisneros 3, Madrid 28040, Spain"},{"name":"Departamento de Infraestructura, Sistemas Aeroespaciales y Aeropuertos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Aeron\u00e1utica y del Espacio, Pza. Del Cardenal Cisneros 3, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3442-0487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"F\u00e9lix","family":"Sorribes-Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Universitario de Microgravedad \"Ignacio Da Riva\" (IDR\/UPM), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, ETSI Aeron\u00e1utica y del Espacio, Pza. Del Cardenal Cisneros 3, Madrid 28040, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014543307696","article-title":"Can A Cup Anemometer \u201cUnderspeed\u201d? A Heretical Question","volume":"103","author":"Kristensen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"53","article-title":"Open field cup anemometry","volume":"19","author":"Albers","year":"2001","journal-title":"DEWI Mag."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"5","article-title":"Outdoor comparison of cup anemometers","volume":"17","author":"Albers","year":"2000","journal-title":"DEWI Mag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1871","DOI":"10.3390\/rs3091871","article-title":"LIDAR and SODAR Measurements of Wind Speed and Direction in Upland Terrain for Wind Energy Purposes","volume":"3","author":"Lang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1002\/we.509","article-title":"Accounting for the speed shear in wind turbine power performance measurement","volume":"14","author":"Wagner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1260\/030952407783418720","article-title":"Calibration Procedures and Uncertainty in Wind Power Anemometers","volume":"31","author":"Coquilla","year":"2007","journal-title":"Wind Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Aminzadeh, F., and Pindado, S. (2011, January 14\u201317). How has Spain become a leader in the wind energy industry during the last decade? (An analysis of influential factors on the development of wind energy in Spain). Brussels, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/we.407","article-title":"Analysis of calibration results from cup and propeller anemometers. Influence on wind turbine Annual Energy Production (AEP) calculations","volume":"14","author":"Pindado","year":"2011","journal-title":"Wind Energy"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<0005:CABITE>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cup Anemometer Behavior in Turbulent Environments","volume":"15","author":"Kristensen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coquilla, R.V., and Obermeier, J. (2008, January 7\u201310). Calibration Speed Range for Rotating Anemometers used in Wind Energy Applications. Reno, NV, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2008-1326"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"MEASNET (2009). Anemometer Calibration Procedure, Version 2 (October 2009), MEASNET."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"MEASNET (1997). Cup Anemometer Calibration Procedure, Version 1 (September 1997, Updated 24\/11\/2008), MEASNET."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2001)018<1457:AIIC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Anemometry in icing conditions","volume":"18","author":"Makkonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"566","article-title":"On a New Anemometer","volume":"4","author":"Robinson","year":"1847","journal-title":"Proc. R. Irish Acad. (1836\u20131869)"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"777","article-title":"On the Determination of the Constants of the Cup Anemometer by Experiments with a Whirling Machine","volume":"169","author":"Robinson","year":"1878","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1055","article-title":"On the Determination of the Constants of the Cup Anemometer by Experiments with a Whirling Machine. Part II","volume":"171","author":"Robinson","year":"1880","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"The cup anemometer","volume":"20","author":"Patterson","year":"1926","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Can. Ser. III"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Spilhaus, A.F., and Rossby, C. (1934). Analysis of the Cup Anemometer (Meteorological Course. Professional Notes\u2014No. 7), Massachusetts Institute of Technology."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Fergusson, S.P. (1939). Harvard Meteorological Studies No. 4. Experimental Studies of Cup Anemometers, Harvard University Press."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1088\/0959-5309\/53\/4\/303","article-title":"Anemometry: A critical and historical survey","volume":"53","author":"Sheppard","year":"1941","journal-title":"Proc. Phys. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1932)60<43:ARTOTC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Rational Theory of the Cup Anemometer","volume":"60","author":"Marvin","year":"1932","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.2467\/mripapers1950.5.2_186","article-title":"Some Aerodynamic Aspects Deduced from the Start and Stop Experiment of Three- and Four-cup Anemometer","volume":"5","author":"Sanuki","year":"1954","journal-title":"Pap. Meteorol. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1967)006<0695:ASCTA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Sensitive Cup-Type Anemometer","volume":"6","author":"Fritschen","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1934)62<115:RAIA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Recent Advances in Anemometry","volume":"62","author":"Marvin","year":"1934","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Brevoort, M.J., and Joyner, U.T. (1935). Experimental Investigation of the Robinson-Type Cup Anemometer, United States Government Printing Office. NACA TN-513."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"70","article-title":"The sensitivity of anemometer cups","volume":"41","author":"Albright","year":"1941","journal-title":"Ohio J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1900)28[58:AT]2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Anemometer Tests","volume":"28","author":"Marvin","year":"1900","journal-title":"Mon. Wea. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1088\/0950-7671\/17\/9\/301","article-title":"An improved design of cup anemometer","volume":"17","author":"Sheppard","year":"1940","journal-title":"J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"1","article-title":"Two Types of Sensitive Recording Cup Anemometer","volume":"25","author":"Deacon","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1088\/0950-7671\/28\/2\/302","article-title":"A simple form of sensitive electric contact cup anemometer","volume":"28","author":"Crawford","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Charnock, H. (1959). New housing for the sensitive cup-contact anemometer, Mk. 1. J. Sci. Instrum., 37.","DOI":"10.1088\/0950-7671\/36\/7\/124"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1088\/0950-7671\/21\/9\/304","article-title":"The errors of cup anemometers in fluctuating winds","volume":"21","author":"Scrase","year":"1944","journal-title":"J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1088\/0950-7671\/28\/8\/303","article-title":"The over-estimation error of cup anemometers in fluctuating winds","volume":"28","author":"Deacon","year":"1951","journal-title":"J. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"252","article-title":"Response of cup and propeller rotors and wind direction vanes to turbulent wind fields","volume":"11","author":"Acheson","year":"1970","journal-title":"Meteorol. Monogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.49.2_63","article-title":"Response of Cup Anemometer in Turbulence","volume":"49","author":"Kondo","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Lindley, D., and Bowen, A.J. (1974, January 9\u201313). The response of cup and propeller anemometers to fluctuating wind speeds. Christchurch, New Zealand."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<1135:TDAPOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Design and Performance of a 6-Cup Anemometer","volume":"14","author":"Lindley","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1328","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1976)015<1328:CAO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cup anemometer overspeeding","volume":"15","author":"Busch","year":"1976","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00218722","article-title":"Errors in wind-speed measurements by rotation anemometers","volume":"10","author":"Kaganov","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"701","article-title":"Cup anemometer dynamics","volume":"1","author":"Wyngaard","year":"1974","journal-title":"Flow Its Meas. Control Sci. Ind."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fl.13.010181.002151","article-title":"Cup, propeller, vane, and sonic anemometers in turbulence research","volume":"13","author":"Wyngaard","year":"1981","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"An examination of cup anemometer overspeeding","volume":"35","author":"Coppin","year":"1982","journal-title":"Meteorol. Rundsch."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1987)004<0281:DROACA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Dynamic response of a cup anemometer","volume":"4","author":"Hayashi","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1989)006<0140:TDROAW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The dynamic response of a wind measuring system","volume":"6","author":"Snow","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","unstructured":"Kristensen, L. (1993). The Cup Anemometer and Other Exciting Instruments. Ris\u00f8-R-615 (EN), Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<1261:OFOAOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Optimal Filtering of AC Output Anemometers","volume":"15","author":"Barnard","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1023\/B:POCE.0000048899.06827.23","article-title":"Characteristics of a cup anemometer and a procedure of measuring the wind velocity","volume":"14","author":"Korovushkin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yahaya, S., Frangi, J.P., and Environnement, L. (2004). Cup anemometer response to the wind turbulence\u2014Measurement of the horizontal wind variance. 22, 3363\u20133374.","DOI":"10.5194\/angeo-22-3363-2004"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1981)020<0784:TEOPIF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The effects of probe-induced flow distortion on atmospheric turbulence measurements","volume":"20","author":"Wyngaard","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"32","article-title":"The Accuracy of Cup Anemometer Calibration With Particular Regard to Wind Turbines","volume":"14","author":"Hunter","year":"1990","journal-title":"Wind Eng."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1985)002<0680:SCATM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Some cup anemometer testing methods","volume":"2","author":"Lockhart","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"Makkonen, L., and Helle, L. (1994, January 10\u201314). Calibration of anemometers\u2014An uncertainty in wind energy resource assessment. Thessaloniki, Greece."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2003.814703","article-title":"A virtual instrument for automatic anemometer calibration with ANN based supervision","volume":"52","author":"Duro","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"Hunter, R.S., Petersen, B.M., Pedersen, T.F., Klug, H., van der Borg, N., Kelley, N., and Dahlberg, J.A. (2003). Recommended Practices for Wind Turbine Testing and Evaluation. 11-Wind Speed Measurement and Use of Cup Anemometry, International Energy Agency."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Hunter, R.S., Pedersen, T.F., Dunbabin, P., Antoniou, I., Frandsen, S., Klug, H., Albers, A., and Lee, W.K. (2001). European Wind Turbine Testing Procedure Developments Task 1: Measurement Method to Verify Wind Turbine Performance Characteristics. Ris\u00f8-R-1209(EN), Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"(2005). Wind Turbines. Part 12-1: Power Performance Measurements of Electricity Producing Wind Turbines, International Electrotechnical Commission. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3390\/en5030683","article-title":"Deviation of Cup and Propeller Anemometer Calibration Results with Air Density","volume":"5","author":"Pindado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_58","unstructured":"Fortin, G., Perron, J., and Ilinca, A. (2005, January 12\u201316). Behaviour and Modeling of Cup Anemometers under Icing Conditions. Montr\u00e9al, PQ, Canada."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-232X(01)00026-X","article-title":"Aerodynamic characteristics of an iced cup-shaped body","volume":"33","author":"Kimura","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cold Reg. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","unstructured":"Tammelin, B., Cavaliere, M., Kimura, S., Morgan, C., and Peltomaa, A. (April, January 31). Ice Free Anemometers. Hetta, Finland."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.3390\/en5051664","article-title":"Cup Anemometers' Loss of Performance Due to Ageing Processes, and Its Effect on Annual Energy Production (AEP) Estimates","volume":"5","author":"Pindado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Energies"},{"key":"ref_62","unstructured":"Kristensen, L., Jensen, G., Hansen, A., and Kirkegaard, P. (2001). Field Calibration of Cup Anemometers. Ris\u00f8-R-1218(EN), Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019254020039","article-title":"Effects of turbulence and flow inclination on the performance of cup anemometers in the field","volume":"101","author":"Papadopoulos","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"Paulsen, U.S., Mortensen, N.G., Hansen, J.C., Said, U.S., and Mousa, A.S. (2007, January 7\u201310). Field calibration of cup anemometers. Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"Dahlberg, J.\u00c5. (2006). An Investigation of Wind Tunnel Blockage Effects on Cup Anemometer Calibrations. FOI-R--2006--SE, Swedish Defence Research Agency."},{"key":"ref_66","unstructured":"Gkanias, A., and Katsanevakis, A. Investigation of the wind tunnel blockage effect on cup anemometer calibration. Available online: http:\/\/proceedings.ewea.org\/annual2012\/allfiles2\/1238_EWEA2012presentation.pdf."},{"key":"ref_67","unstructured":"Hansen, O.F., Hansen, S.O., and Kristensen, L. (2012, January 7\u20138). Wind Tunnel Calibration of Cup Anemometers. Atlanta, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(92)90561-N","article-title":"Some experimental investigations on the influence of the mounting arrangements on the accuracy of cup-anemometer measurements","volume":"39","author":"Pedersen","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1088\/0026-1394\/48\/5\/015","article-title":"Cup anemometer calibration: Effect of velocity distribution","volume":"48","author":"Piccato","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metrologia"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Eecen, P.J., and de Noord, M. (2005). Uncertainties in Cup Anemometer Calibrations Type A and Type B Uncertainties. ECN-C-05-066, ECNC."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Pedersen, T.F., Dahlberg, J.\u00c5., and Busche, P. (2006). ACCUWIND-Classification of Five Cup Anemometers According to IEC61400-12-1. Ris\u00f8-R-1556(EN), Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_72","unstructured":"Pedersen, T.F. (2004). Characterisation and Classification of RIS\u00d8 P2546 Cup Anemometer. Ris\u00f8-R-1364 (ed. 2) (EN), Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_73","unstructured":"Pedersen, T.F. (2003). Development of a Classification System for Cup Anemometers\u2014CLASSCUP. Ris\u00f8-R-1348(EN), Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_74","unstructured":"Pedersen, T.F., and Paulsen, U.S. (1999, January 1\u20135). Classification of operational characteristics of commercial cup-anemometers. Nice, France."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Dahlberg, J. \u00c5., Pedersen, T.F., and Busche, P. (2006). ACCUWIND -Methods for Classification of Cup Anemometers. Ris\u00f8-R-1555(EN), Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6198","DOI":"10.3390\/s120506198","article-title":"On cup anemometer rotor aerodynamics","volume":"12","author":"Pindado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors (Basel)"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pindado, S., P\u00e9rez, I., and Aguado, M. (2013). Fourier analysis of the aerodynamic behavior of cup anemometers. Meas. Sci. Technol., 24.","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/24\/6\/065802"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/197325","article-title":"Aerodynamic analysis of cup anemometers performance. The stationary harmonic response","volume":"2013","author":"Pindado","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_79","first-page":"57","article-title":"\u00dcber die Tr\u00e4gheitsfehler des Schalenkreuz-Anemometers bei schwankender Windst\u00e4rke","volume":"10","author":"Schrenk","year":"1929","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Tech. Phys."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709640710","article-title":"A theoretical study of cup and vane anemometers\u2014Part II","volume":"96","author":"Ramachandran","year":"1969","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.49709540311","article-title":"A theoretical study of cup and vane anemometers","volume":"95","author":"Ramachandran","year":"1969","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_82","unstructured":"ASTM International (2002). Standard Test Method for Determining the Performance of a Cup Anemometer or Propeller Anemometer (ASTM D 5096-02), STM International."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Fabian, O. (1995). Fly-Wheel Calibration of Cup-Anemometers. Ris\u00f8-R-797(EN): Contributions from the Department of Meteorology and Wind Energy to the EWEC'94 Conference in Thessaloniki, Greece, Ris\u00f8 National Laboratory."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"56","article-title":"Overspeeding-\u00fcber das eigent\u00fcmliche Tiefpa\u00dfverhalten von Schalensternanemometern (Overspeeding measurements of cup anemometers)","volume":"9","author":"Westermann","year":"1996","journal-title":"DEWI Mag."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"843","article-title":"Sur la comparabilit\u00e9 des an\u00e9mom\u00e8tres","volume":"172","author":"Brazier","year":"1921","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus des S\u00e9ances l'Acad\u00e9mie Des Sci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1921)49<575a:OTCOA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the Comparability of Anemometers","volume":"49","author":"Brazier","year":"1921","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1988)005<0034:TEONDS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The effect of nonlinear dynamic sensor response on measured means","volume":"5","author":"Kristensen","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1002742508203","article-title":"Linear time-invariant compensation of cup anemometer and vane inertia","volume":"97","author":"Hristov","year":"2000","journal-title":"Bound. Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.flowmeasinst.2013.04.012","article-title":"Time domain modeling of cup anemometers using artificial neural networks","volume":"33","author":"Lemay","year":"2013","journal-title":"Flow Meas. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1964)003<0182:RCAMUO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Response Characteristics and Meteorological Utilization of Propeller and Vane Wind Sensors","volume":"3","author":"MacCready","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"1","article-title":"Mathematical analysis of the effect of the rotor geometry on cup anemometer response","volume":"2014","author":"Pindado","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. World J."},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"(2005). Wind Turbines. Part 1: Design Requirements, International Electrotechnical Commission."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1972)053<0860:AIOSFW>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An Inventory of Specifications for Wind Measuring Instruments","volume":"53","author":"Mazzarella","year":"1972","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.6028\/jres.018.018","article-title":"Performance characteristics of a water current meter in water and in air","volume":"18","author":"Schubauer","year":"1937","journal-title":"J. Res. Natl. Bur. Stand."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Dahlberg, J.\u00c5., Gustavsson, J., Ronsten, G., Pedersen, T.F., Paulsen, U.S., and Westermann, D. (2001). Development of a Standardised Cup Anemometer suited to Wind Energy Applications\u2014(Classcup). 9, 1\u201337."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1976)057<1127:EIWREF>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Errors in Wind Run Estimates from Rotational Anemometers","volume":"57","author":"Baynton","year":"1976","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_97","unstructured":"Stefanatos, N., Papadopoulos, P., Binopoulos, E., Kostakos, A., and Spyridakis, G. (2007, January 7\u201310). Effects of long term operation on the performance characteristics of cup anemometers. Milan, Italy."},{"key":"ref_98","unstructured":"Cummings, D.S. (2011). Apparatus and Calibration Method for Cup Anemometers having Non-Removable Cupsets. (U.S. Patent No. 20110283766 A1)."},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Corten, G.P. (2001). Method for Testing an Anemometer. (Patent WO2001035109 A1)."},{"key":"ref_100","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e1n, J., Llombart, A., and Guerrero, J. (2009, January 15\u201317). Detection of nacelle anemometers faults in a wind farm."},{"key":"ref_101","unstructured":"Beltr\u00e1n, J., Llombart, A., and Guerrero, J. (2009, January 16\u201319). A bin method with data range selection for detection of nacelle anemometers faults. Marseille, France."},{"key":"ref_102","unstructured":"Ema, H., Funio, H., Masato, W., Yasuhide, T., Hitoshi, K., Yasuo, T., Mitsuo, O., and Mitsuhiro, I. (1998). Testing Apparatus and Method for Anemometer. (Patent JP 10227810 A)."},{"key":"ref_103","unstructured":"Frost, J.S., Haines, D.A., and Klumpp, R.J. (1982). Method and Apparatus for Field Testing of Anemometers. (U.S. Patent 4365504 A)."},{"key":"ref_104","unstructured":"Laguigne, D., and Roni-Damon, B. (2010). Proc\u00e9d\u00e9 et Dispositif Pour V\u00e9rifier le bon Fonctionnement d'un An\u00e9mom\u00e8tre (Method and Device to Check the Correct Operation of an Anemometer). (Patent EP 2 037 284 B1)."},{"key":"ref_105","unstructured":"Siebers, T., Kooijman, H.J., and Rogers, D. (2008). (U.S. Patent 20080307853 A1), Anemometer Calibration Method and Wind Turbine."},{"key":"ref_106","unstructured":"Wobben, A. (2004). (Patent EP 1454058 A1), Method for Monitoring a Sensor."},{"key":"ref_107","first-page":"8","article-title":"Feature Extraction and Pattern Identification for Anemometer Condition Diagnosis","volume":"3","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Progn. Heal. Manag."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"1","article-title":"Applying Weibull Distribution and Discriminant Function Techniques to Predict Damaged Cup Anemometers in the 2011 PHM Competition","volume":"3","author":"Cassity","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Progn. Heal. Manag."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"50","article-title":"An Auto-Associative Residual Processing and K-means Clustering Approach for Anemometer Health Assessment","volume":"2","author":"Siegel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Progn. Heal. Manag."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/11\/21418\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:09:14Z","timestamp":1760216954000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/11\/21418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]]},"references-count":109,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s141121418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s141121418","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,12]]}}}