{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T08:32:31Z","timestamp":1769243551956,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]],"date-time":"2014-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1415836800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A 3D imaging technique using a high speed binocular stereovision system was developed in combination with corresponding image processing algorithms for accurate determination of the parameters of particles leaving the spinning disks of centrifugal fertilizer spreaders. Validation of the stereo-matching algorithm using a virtual 3D stereovision simulator indicated an error of less than 2 pixels for 90% of the particles. The setup was validated using the cylindrical spread pattern of an experimental spreader. A 2D correlation coefficient of 90% and a Relative Error of 27% was found between the experimental results and the (simulated) spread pattern obtained with the developed setup. In combination with a ballistic flight model, the developed image acquisition and processing algorithms can enable fast determination and evaluation of the spread pattern which can be used as a tool for spreader design and precise machine calibration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141121466","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]],"date-time":"2014-11-13T11:22:30Z","timestamp":1415877750000},"page":"21466-21482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["High Speed Stereovision Setup for Position and Motion Estimation of Fertilizer Particles Leaving a Centrifugal Spreader"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bilal","family":"Hijazi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium"},{"name":"Institut National Sup\u00e9rieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, boulevard du Docteur Petitjean 26, Dijon 21079, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Developpement, University of Burgundy,  Esplanade Erasme 11, Dijon 21000, France"},{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Cool","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Vangeyte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4134-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koen","family":"Mertens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research, Burg. van Gansberghelaan 115, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium"}]},{"given":"Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric","family":"Cointault","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut National Sup\u00e9rieur des Sciences Agronomiques, de l'Alimentation et de l'Environnement, boulevard du Docteur Petitjean 26, Dijon 21079, France"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Paindavoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Etude de l'Apprentissage et du Developpement, University of Burgundy,  Esplanade Erasme 11, Dijon 21000, France"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4034-9269","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Pieters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Gent 9000, Belgium"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 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