{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T16:02:11Z","timestamp":1778169731920,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1416873600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents the generic concept of using cloud-based intelligent car parking services in smart cities as an important application of the Internet of Things (IoT) paradigm. This type of services will become an integral part of a generic IoT operational platform for smart cities due to its pure business-oriented features. A high-level view of the proposed middleware is outlined and the corresponding operational platform is illustrated. To demonstrate the provision of car parking services, based on the proposed middleware, a cloud-based intelligent car parking system for use within a university campus is described along with details of its design, implementation, and operation. A number of software solutions, including Kafka\/Storm\/Hbase clusters, OSGi web applications with distributed NoSQL, a rule engine, and mobile applications, are proposed to provide \u2018best\u2019 car parking service experience to mobile users, following the Always Best Connected and best Served (ABC&amp;S) paradigm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141222372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]],"date-time":"2014-11-25T11:01:31Z","timestamp":1416913291000},"page":"22372-22393","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["A Cloud-Based Car Parking Middleware for IoT-Based Smart Cities: Design and Implementation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zhanlin","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0535-7087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Ganchev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1irt\u00edn","family":"O'Droma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Telecommunications Research Centre, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Information Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueji","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100080, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"9","article-title":"Internet of things strategic research roadmap","volume":"1","author":"Vermesan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. 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