{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T16:41:36Z","timestamp":1777480896791,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]],"date-time":"2014-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No.61273157, 61273158, and 61104024."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.61273157, 61273158, and 61104024."]}]},{"name":"The Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["No. 14JJ5024."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 14JJ5024."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>To prevent irreversible demagnetization of a permanent magnet (PM) for interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (IPMSMs) by flux-weakening control, a robust PM flux-linkage nonsingular fast terminal-sliding-mode observer (NFTSMO) is proposed to detect demagnetization faults. First, the IPMSM mathematical model of demagnetization is presented. Second, the construction of the NFTSMO to estimate PM demagnetization faults in IPMSM is described, and a proof of observer stability is given. The fault decision criteria and fault-processing method are also presented. Finally, the proposed scheme was simulated using MATLAB\/Simulink and implemented on the RT-LABplatform. A number of robustness tests have been carried out. The scheme shows good performance in spite of speed fluctuations, torque ripples and the uncertainties of stator resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141223119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]],"date-time":"2014-12-05T10:20:05Z","timestamp":1417774805000},"page":"23119-23136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Online Fault Detection of Permanent Magnet Demagnetization for IPMSMs by Nonsingular Fast Terminal-Sliding-Mode Observer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kai-Hui","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China"}]},{"given":"Te-Fang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"School of Information Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410073, China"}]},{"given":"Chang-Fan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China"}]},{"given":"Gang","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410073, China"},{"name":"School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou 412007, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.3390\/s130303831","article-title":"A NewAdaptive Self-Tuning Fourier Coefficients Algorithm for Periodic Torque Ripple Minimization in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (PMSM)","volume":"13","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3390\/s130100175","article-title":"Adaptive PIF Control for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Based on GPC","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6901","DOI":"10.3390\/s100706901","article-title":"Position and speed control of brushless DC motors using sensorless techniques and application trends","volume":"10","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2013.2283498","article-title":"Finite-Element Analysis of the Demagnetization of IPM-Type BLDC Motor With Stator Turn Fault","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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