{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T03:53:40Z","timestamp":1769918020328,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]],"date-time":"2014-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this article a luminescence fiber optic biosensor for the microdetection of heavy metal toxicity in waters based on the marine bacterium Aliivibrio fischeri (A. fischeri) encapsulated in alginate microspheres is described. Cu(II), Cd(II), Pb(II), Zn(II), Cr(VI), Co(II), Ni(II), Ag(I) and Fe(II) were selected as sample toxic heavy metal ions for evaluation of the performance of this toxicity microbiosensor. The loss of bioluminescence response from immobilized A. fischeri bacterial cells corresponds to changes in the toxicity levels. The inhibition of the luminescent biosensor response collected at excitation and emission wavelengths of 287 \u00b1 2 nm and 487 \u00b1 2 nm, respectively, was found to be reproducible and repeatable within the relative standard deviation (RSD) range of  2.4\u20135.7% (n = 8). The toxicity biosensor based on alginate micropsheres exhibited a lower limit of detection (LOD) for Cu(II) (6.40 \u03bcg\/L), Cd(II) (1.56 \u03bcg\/L), Pb(II) (47 \u03bcg\/L), Ag(I) (18 \u03bcg\/L) than Zn(II) (320 \u03bcg\/L), Cr(VI) (1,000 \u03bcg\/L), Co(II) (1700 \u03bcg\/L), Ni(II)  (2800 \u03bcg\/L), and Fe(III) (3100 \u03bcg\/L). Such LOD values are lower when compared with other previous reported whole cell toxicity biosensors using agar gel, agarose gel and cellulose membrane biomatrices used for the immobilization of bacterial cells. The  A. fischeri bacteria microencapsulated in alginate biopolymer could maintain their metabolic activity for a prolonged period of up to six weeks without any noticeable changes in the bioluminescence response. The bioluminescent biosensor could also be used for the determination of antagonistic toxicity levels for toxicant mixtures. A comparison of the results obtained by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) and using the proposed luminescent A. fischeri-based biosensor suggests that the optical toxicity biosensor can be used for quantitative microdetermination of heavy metal toxicity in environmental  water samples.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141223248","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]],"date-time":"2014-12-05T10:20:05Z","timestamp":1417774805000},"page":"23248-23268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Microencapsulated Aliivibrio fischeri in Alginate  Microspheres for Monitoring Heavy Metal Toxicity in Environmental Waters"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dedi","family":"Futra","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology,  Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Heng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology,  Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"},{"name":"Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM), LESTARI,  Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salmijah","family":"Surif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology,  Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asmat","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Sciences and Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology,  Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tan","family":"Ling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southeast Asia Disaster Prevention Research Initiative (SEADPRI-UKM), LESTARI,  Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor D.E., Malaysia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200274050793","article-title":"Heavy metals\u2014A meaningless term; chemistry and human health division clinical chemistry section commission on toxicology","volume":"74","author":"Duffus","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pure Appl. 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