{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:32:52Z","timestamp":1774927972075,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]],"date-time":"2014-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417996800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>An experimental investigation of sonic air, CO2 and Helium transverse jets in Mach 5 cross flow was carried out over a flat plate. The jet to freestream momentum flux ratio, J, was kept the same for all gases. The unsteady flow topology was examined using high speed schlieren visualisation and PIV. Schlieren visualisation provided information regarding oscillating jet shear layer structures and bow shock, Mach disc and barrel shocks. Two-component PIV measurements at the centreline, provided information regarding jet penetration trajectories. Barrel shocks and Mach disc forming the jet boundary were visualised\/quantified also jet penetration boundaries were determined. Even though J is kept the same for all gases, the penetration patterns were found to be remarkably different both at the nearfield and the farfield. Air and CO2 jet resulted similar nearfield and farfield penetration pattern whereas Helium jet spread minimal in the nearfield.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141223462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]],"date-time":"2014-12-08T11:15:56Z","timestamp":1418037356000},"page":"23462-23489","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Penetration Characteristics of Air, Carbon Dioxide and Helium Transverse Sonic Jets in Mach 5 Cross Flow"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Erinc","family":"Erdem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Sciences Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4984-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Kontis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerospace Sciences Division, School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK"}]},{"given":"Selvaraj","family":"Saravanan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Eng'rg, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.2514\/3.4479","article-title":"Study of the Interaction of Gaseous Jets from Transverse Slots with Supersonic External Flows","volume":"6","author":"Spaid","year":"1968","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.2514\/3.7011","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Jet Interaction Studies at Large Values of Reynolds and Mach Numbers","volume":"13","author":"Spaid","year":"1974","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.2514\/3.28721","article-title":"Penetration of Gaseous Jets Injected into a Supersonic Stream","volume":"3","author":"Schetz","year":"1966","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rocket."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.2514\/3.5889","article-title":"An Experimental Investigation of Turbulent Slot Injection at Mach 6","volume":"8","author":"Parthasarathy","year":"1969","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.2514\/3.4044","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Secondary Jet Interaction with a Supersonic Stream","volume":"5","author":"Hawk","year":"1967","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.2514\/3.6558","article-title":"Jet-Interaction-Induced Separation: The Two-Dimensional Problem","volume":"10","author":"Werle","year":"1971","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.2514\/3.51427","article-title":"Mixing and Penetration Studies of Sonic Jets in a Mach 2 Freestream","volume":"11","author":"Gruber","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Propuls. Power"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1063\/1.869257","article-title":"Compressibility Effects in Supersonic Transverse Injection Flowfields","volume":"9","author":"Gruber","year":"1997","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2514\/2.5609","article-title":"Transverse Injection from Circular and Elliptic Nozzles into a Supersonic Crossflow","volume":"16","author":"Gruber","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Propuls. Power"},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Ben-Yakar, A. (2001). Experimental Investigation of Mixing and Ignition of Transverse Jets in Supersonic Crossflows. [Ph.D. Thesis, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University]."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.2514\/3.7687","article-title":"Wave Phenomena in Liquid Jet Breakup in a Supersonic Crossflow","volume":"18","author":"Schetz","year":"1980","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.2514\/2.7468","article-title":"Crossflow Vortices of a Jet Injected into a Supersonic Crossflow","volume":"35","author":"Santiago","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112097007271","article-title":"Kidney and Anti-Kidney Vortices in Crossflow Jets","volume":"352","author":"Haven","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Fluid Mech."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fric, T.F., and Roshko, A. (1994). Vortical Structure in the Wake of a Transverse Jet. J. Fluid Mech., 279, 0.1017\/S0022112094003800.","DOI":"10.1017\/S0022112094003800"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.2514\/1.49355","article-title":"Molecular Weight and Shock-Wave Effects on Transverse Injection in Supersonic Flow","volume":"26","author":"Schetz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Propuls. Power"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.2514\/2.1787","article-title":"Particle image velocimetry in Mach 3.5 and 4.5 shock-tunnel flows","volume":"40","author":"Haertig","year":"2002","journal-title":"AIAA J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-006-0140-y","article-title":"Application of PIV in a Mach 7 double-ramp flow","volume":"41","author":"Schrijer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Schroeder, A., and Willert, C.E. (2008). Particle Image Velocimetry, Springer."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00193-010-0247-1","article-title":"Numerical and Experimental Investigation of Transverse Injection Flows","volume":"20","author":"Erdem","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Shock Waves"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"285","article-title":"Steady Energy Deposition at Mach 5 for Drag Reduction","volume":"23","author":"Erdem","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Shock Waves"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Erdem, E., Saravanan, S., and Kontis, K. (2012, January 6\u20138). Air, Carbon Dioxide and Helium Transverse Sonic Jets in Mach 5 Cross Flow. Thessaloniki, Greece.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25685-1_30"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/8\/12\/005","article-title":"Tracer Particles and Seeding for Particle Image Velocimetry","volume":"8","author":"Melling","year":"1997","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samimy, M., and Lele, S.K. (1991). Motion of Particles with Inertia in a Compressible Free Shear Layer. Phys. Fluids, 3.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.857921"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"(2010). LaVision GmbH: Flow Master Manual, LaVision GmbH."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/0894-1777(88)90043-X","article-title":"Describing the Uncertainties in Experimental Results","volume":"1","author":"Moffat","year":"1988","journal-title":"Exp. Thermal Fluid Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"1","article-title":"Laminar-Turbulent Transition and Shock Wave\/Boundary Layer Interaction","volume":"4","author":"Arnal","year":"2004","journal-title":"RTO-EN-AVT-116"},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Smits, A.J., and Dussauge, J.P. (2006). Turbulent Shear Layers in Supersonic Flow, Springer Verlag."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2514\/2.3992","article-title":"Applying Jet Interaction Technology","volume":"40","author":"Cassel","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Spacecr. Rocket."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Humble, R.A. (2008). Unsteady Flow Organization of a Shock Wave\/Boundary Layer Interaction. [PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology].","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2008-4171"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Schroeder, A., and Willert, C.E. (2008). Particle Image Velocimetry, Springer."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s00348-010-0892-2","article-title":"Particle tracer response across shocks measured by PIV","volume":"50","author":"Ragni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Fluids"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055105","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4711372","article-title":"The Three-Dimensional Flow Organization Past a Micro-Ramp in a Supersonic Boundary Layer","volume":"24","author":"Sun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phys. Fluids"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/12\/23462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:10:36Z","timestamp":1760217036000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/12\/23462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s141223462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s141223462","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,8]]}}}