{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:27:13Z","timestamp":1760243233730,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]],"date-time":"2014-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418169600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EU-FP7-NMP-228844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EU-FP7-NMP-228844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry for Universities, Education and Research","award":["CUP-B81J12002680008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP-B81J12002680008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of a bio-hybrid tactile sensor array that incorporates a skin analogue comprised of alginate encapsulated fibroblasts is described. The electrical properties are modulated by mechanical stress induced during contact, and changes are detected by a ten-channel dual-electrode impedance sensing array. By continuously monitoring the impedance of the sensor array at a fixed frequency, whilst normal and tangential loads are applied to the skin surface, transient mechanotransduction has been observed. The results demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the preliminary prototype bio-hybrid tactile sensor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141223781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]],"date-time":"2014-12-10T09:32:11Z","timestamp":1418203931000},"page":"23781-23802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Bio-Hybrid Tactile Sensor Incorporating Living Artificial Skin and an Impedance Sensing Array"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1353-0329","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Cheneler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Engineering, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK"},{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Birmingham University, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Buselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Polo Sant'Anna Valdera,  Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera 56025, PI, Italy"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Camboni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Polo Sant'Anna Valdera,  Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera 56025, PI, Italy"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Anthony","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical Engineering, Birmingham University, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"given":"Liam","family":"Grover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Birmingham University, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Adams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, Birmingham University, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"}]},{"given":"Calogero","family":"Oddo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Polo Sant'Anna Valdera,  Viale Rinaldo Piaggio 34, Pontedera 56025, PI, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2012.02.051","article-title":"A review of tactile sensing technologies with applications in biomedical engineering","volume":"179","author":"Tiwana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. 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