{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:27:17Z","timestamp":1760243237925,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,15]],"date-time":"2014-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1418601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The sensorimotor system (SMS) plays an important role in sports and in every day movement. Several tools for assessment and training have been designed. Many of them are directed to specific populations, and have major shortcomings due to the training effect or safety. The aim of the present study was to design and assess a dynamic sensorimotor test and training device that can be adjusted for all levels of performance. The novel pneumatic-driven mechatronic device can guide the trainee, allow independent movements or disrupt the individual with unpredicted perturbations while standing on a platform. The test-reliability was evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Subjects were required to balance their center of pressure (COP) in a target circle (TITC). The time in TITC and the COP error (COPe) were recorded for analysis. The results of 22 males and 14 females (23.7 \u00b1 2.6 years) showed good to excellent test\u2013retest reliability. The newly designed Active Balance System (ABS) was then compared with the Biodex Balance System SD\u00ae (BBS). The results of 15 females, 14 males (23.4 \u00b1 1.6 years) showed modest correlation in static and acceptable correlation in dynamic conditions, suggesting that ABS could be a reliable and comparable tool for dynamic balance assessments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s141224174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,15]],"date-time":"2014-12-15T10:25:19Z","timestamp":1418639119000},"page":"24174-24187","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessment of a Newly Developed, Active Pneumatic-Driven, Sensorimotor Test and Training Device"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wolfram","family":"Haslinger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fuerstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fuerstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}]},{"given":"Esmeralda","family":"Mildner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fuerstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"L\u00f6fler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Wilhelminenspital, Montleartstra\u00dfe 37, A-1160 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Helmut","family":"Kern","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute of Electrical Stimulation and Physical Rehabilitation, Wilhelminenspital, Montleartstra\u00dfe 37, A-1160 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute for Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Wilhelminenspital, Montleartstra\u00dfe 37, A-1160 Vienna, Austria"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Raschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Fuerstenweg 185, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e318192d044","article-title":"Ankle instability is associated with balance impairments: A meta-analysis","volume":"41","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2007.09.010","article-title":"The impact of vision loss on postural stability and balance strategies in individuals with profound vision loss","volume":"28","author":"Ray","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jelekin.2008.10.007","article-title":"An overview of age-related changes in postural control during quiet standing tasks using classical and modern stabilometric descriptors","volume":"19","author":"Nadal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"101","article-title":"Beeinflussung der Haltung und Motorik durch Bewegungsf\u00f6rderungsprogramme bei Kindergartenkindern","volume":"55","author":"Stehle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dtsch. Z. Sportmed."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gillespie, L.D., Robertson, M.C., Gillespie, W.J., Lamb, S.E., Gates, S., Cumming, R.G., and Rowe, B.H. (2012). Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev., 9.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007146.pub3"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20090163","article-title":"Balance impairment as a risk factor for falls in community-dwelling older adults who are high functioning: A prospective study","volume":"90","author":"Muir","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2234","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2008.02014.x","article-title":"Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"56","author":"Sherrington","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2006.05.021","article-title":"Relationship between static and dynamic balance tests among elite Australian footballers","volume":"9","author":"Hrysomallis","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howe, T.E., Rochester, L., Jackson, A., Banks, P.M.H., and Blair, V.A. (2007). Exercise for improving balance in older people. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev.","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004963.pub2"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb07489.x","article-title":"Comparison of static and dynamic posturography in young and older normal people","volume":"42","author":"Baloh","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Am. Geriatr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0030-1267402","article-title":"Postural control depends on testing situation","volume":"24","author":"Turbanski","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sportverletz. Sportschaden"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"127","article-title":"Assessment of balance in sport: Science and reality","volume":"5","author":"Zemkova","year":"2011","journal-title":"Serb. J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/85.6.502","article-title":"Development of a clinical static and dynamic standing balance measurement tool appropriate for use in adolescents","volume":"85","author":"Emery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"323","article-title":"Examination of balance measures produced by the biodex stability system","volume":"33","author":"Arnold","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Athl. Train."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327841MPEE0502_3","article-title":"Reliability of Biodex Balance System Measures","volume":"5","author":"Cachupe","year":"2001","journal-title":"Meas. Phys. Educ. Exerc. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1123\/mcj.13.2.218","article-title":"Balance ability and muscle response of the preferred and nonpreferred leg in soccer players","volume":"13","author":"Neher","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mot. Control"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Ferrara, P. (2007). Device for moving people or objects in a flexible controllable manner. (Patent WO 2007035976 A3)."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"231","article-title":"Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the SEM","volume":"19","author":"Weir","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: Uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200030010-00001","article-title":"Measures of reliability in sports medicine and science","volume":"30","author":"Hopkins","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"127","article-title":"Developing criteria for establishing interrater reliability of specific items: Applications to assessment of adaptive behavior","volume":"86","author":"Cicchetti","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Ment. Defic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gollhofer, A., Taube, W., and Nielsen, J.B. (2012). Routledge Handbook of Motor Control and Motor Learning, Routledge.","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203132746"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.11.001","article-title":"A novel tool for the assessment of dynamic balance in healthy individuals","volume":"31","author":"Sarabon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2009.11.012","article-title":"Validity and Reliability of the Nintendo Wii Balance Board for Assessment of Standing Balance","volume":"31","author":"Clark","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-199826040-00002","article-title":"Statistical methods for assessing measurement error (reliability) in variables relevant to sports medicine","volume":"26","author":"Atkinson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Domholdt, E. (2004). Rehabilitation Research, Elsevier Saunders. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.11.016","article-title":"Test-retest reliability of center of pressure measures of postural stability during quiet standing in a group with musculoskeletal disorders consisting of low back pain, anterior cruciate ligament injury and functional ankle instability","volume":"29","author":"Salavati","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2008.01.005","article-title":"Reliability of COP-based postural sway measures and age-related differences","volume":"28","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gait Posture"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/12\/24174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:02Z","timestamp":1760217062000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/14\/12\/24174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,15]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12]]}},"alternative-id":["s141224174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s141224174","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,15]]}}}