{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T16:40:49Z","timestamp":1762101649541,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,25]],"date-time":"2014-12-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to the demands of current pipeline detection systems, the  above-ground marker (AGM) system based on sound detection principle has been a major development trend in pipeline technology. A novel MEMS acoustic vector sensor for AGM systems which has advantages of high sensitivity, high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), and good low frequency performance has been put forward. Firstly, it is presented that the frequency of the detected sound signal is concentrated in a lower frequency range, and the sound attenuation is relatively low in soil. Secondly, the MEMS acoustic vector sensor structure and basic principles are introduced. Finally, experimental tests are conducted and the results show that in the range of 0\u00b0~90\u00b0, when r = 5 m, the proposed MEMS acoustic vector sensor can effectively detect sound signals in soil. The measurement errors of all angles are less than 5\u00b0.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150100274","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,26]],"date-time":"2014-12-26T05:52:39Z","timestamp":1419573159000},"page":"274-284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["New Research on MEMS Acoustic Vector Sensors Used  in Pipeline Ground Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaopeng","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education,  North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Zeming","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education,  North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"},{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test & Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Guojun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test & Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Mengran","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science and Technology on Electronic Test & Measurement Laboratory, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education,  North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1762-9246","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wendong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science & Dynamic Measurement, Ministry of Education,  North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"16","article-title":"Status and development trend of contemporary transportation technology for oil","volume":"7","author":"Guo","year":"2004","journal-title":"China Pet. Chem. Ind."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"108","article-title":"Development and construction of pipeline transportation in China","volume":"5","author":"Mei","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Transp. Syst. Eng. Inf. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"66","article-title":"Energetically develop pipeline transportation and improve the ability of sustainable development","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Nantong Vocat. Tech. Shopp. Coll."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Wu, X., Xiao, Y.K., and Zhou, B. (2010, January 13\u201314). Research on Pattern Recognition of Above ground Markerfor Pipeline based on Geophone Sensor. Chongqing, China."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"45","article-title":"Locating System of Pipeline Inspection Gauge Based on Acoustic Detecting","volume":"2","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mod. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"David, W.P. (1975). Pipeline Signaling Systems and Techniques. (U.S. Patent 3,879,453)."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Liu, Z.W., and Dean, A.P. (2004). Precision Positioning AGM System. (U.S. Patent 6,816,110 B1)."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Mcdonnell, S. (2008). Correction of In-Line Inspection Run Data Logs Using Acoustical Data. (U.S. Patent 2008\/0312850 A1)."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5595","DOI":"10.3390\/s140305595","article-title":"On the Acoustic Filtering of the Pipe and Sensor in a Buried Plastic Water Pipe and its Effect on Leak Detection: An Experimental Investigation","volume":"14","author":"Michael","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"882","article-title":"New MEMS Bionic Acoustic Vector Sensor Used in Above-Ground Marker of Pipeline","volume":"34","author":"Ge","year":"2012","journal-title":"Piezoelectr. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"553","article-title":"Above-ground marker system of pipeline internal inspection instrument based on geophone array","volume":"8","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. Precis. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Sun, Y.F. Core-Log-Seismic integration in hemipelagicmarine sediments on the eastern flank of the Juan-De-Fuca ridge. Available online: http:\/\/www-odp.tamu.edu\/publications\/168_SR\/chap_03\/chap_03.htm."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"13","article-title":"Standoff acoustic laser technique to lacate buried land mines","volume":"25","author":"Robert","year":"2005","journal-title":"Linc. Lab. J."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"673","article-title":"A Novel MEMS Single Vector Hydrophone","volume":"29","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Armamentarii"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"519","article-title":"Advancements in encapsulation of hair vector hydrophone","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"130","article-title":"Design and test for a double T-shape MEMS bionic vector hydrophone","volume":"32","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vib. Shock"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2008.917123","article-title":"A novel vector hydrophone based on the piezoresistive effect of resonant tunneling diode","volume":"8","author":"Xue","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"294","article-title":"Piezoresistive effects of resonant tunneling structure for application in micro-sensors","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Pure Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2006.11.011","article-title":"A GaAs acoustic sensor with frequency output based on resonant tunneling diodes","volume":"139","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-008-0560-0","article-title":"Modeling and characterization of a micromachined artificial hair cell vector hydrophone","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6823","DOI":"10.3390\/s90906823","article-title":"Research of DOA Estimation Based on Single MEMS Vector Hydrophone","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8856","DOI":"10.3390\/s130708856","article-title":"Experimental Results of Underwater Cooperative Source Localization Using a Single Acoustic Vector Sensor","volume":"13","author":"Paulo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/1\/274\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:42Z","timestamp":1760217102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/1\/274"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,25]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s150100274"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150100274","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,25]]}}}