{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T05:38:58Z","timestamp":1774417138332,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,26]],"date-time":"2014-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419552000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Russian Foundation of Basic Researches","award":["12-07-00682a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["12-07-00682a"]}]},{"name":"Russian Ministry of Education and Science","award":["RFMEFI57814X0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RFMEFI57814X0013"]}]},{"name":"state assignment","award":["3.1579.2014\/K"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3.1579.2014\/K"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Molecular-electronic transducers (MET) have a high conversion coefficient and low power consumption, and do not require precision mechanical components thus allowing the construction of cost- and power-efficient seismic accelerometers. Whereas the instrumental resolution of a MET accelerometer within the 0.1\u2013100 Hz frequency range surpasses that of the best Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and even some force-balanced accelerometers, the fundamental inability to register gravity or, in other words, zero frequency acceleration, significantly constrains the further spread of  MET-based accelerometers. Ways of obviating this inherent zero frequency insensitivity within MET technology have so far, not been found. This article explores a possible approach to the construction of a hybrid seismic accelerometer combining the superb performance of a MET sensor in the middle and high frequency range with a conventional on chip MEMS accelerometer covering the lower frequencies and gravity. Though the frequency separation of a signal is widely used in various applications, the opposite task, i.e., the combining of two signals with different bandwidths is less common. Based on theoretical research and the analysis of actual sensors\u2019 performance, the authors determined optimal parameters for building a hybrid sensor. Description and results for implementation of the hybrid sensor are given in the Experimental section of the article. Completing a MET sensor with a cost-effective MEMS permitted the construction of a low noise DC accelerometer preserving the noise performance of a MET sensing element. The work presented herein may prove useful in designing other combined sensors based on different technologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150100365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,26]],"date-time":"2014-12-26T05:52:39Z","timestamp":1419573159000},"page":"365-381","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["A Low-Noise DC Seismic Accelerometer Based on a Combination of MET\/MEMS Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Neeshpapa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Electronics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 117303, Russia"},{"name":"R-sensors LLC, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Antonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Electronics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 117303, Russia"},{"name":"NordLab LLC, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vadim","family":"Agafonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Molecular Electronics, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 117303, Russia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.sercel.com\/products\/Lists\/ProductSpecification\/508XT_brochure_Sercel.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Kinemetrics EpiSensor ES-T Force Balance Accelerometer Datasheet. Available online: http:\/\/www.kinemetrics.com\/uploads\/PDFs\/ES-T%20Datasheet.pdf."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"CMG-5T Strong Motion Feedback Accelerometer. Available online: http:\/\/www.guralp.com\/documents\/DAS-050-0001.pdf."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Seismic Accelerometers for Unattended Ground Sensors (UGS). Available online: http:\/\/www.ims-i.za.com\/pdf\/30N.UGS.B.05.11.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Colibrys Si-FlexTM Series Product Description. Available online: http:\/\/www.colibrys.com\/files\/pdf\/products\/PD%20SiFlex%2030D.SFX.D.03.09.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Analog Devices ADXL103\/ADXL203 Datasheet. Available online: http:\/\/www.analog.com\/static\/imported-files\/data_sheets\/ADXL103_203.pdf."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"Low Noise High Stability Analog Surface Mount Accelerometer Model 1521. Available online: http:\/\/www.silicondesigns.com\/pdfs\/2012.pdf."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"074102","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4865377","article-title":"Design of sub-1g microelectromechanical systems accelerometers","volume":"104","author":"Yamane","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Homeijer, B., Lazaroff, D., Milligan, D., Alley, R., Wu, J., Szepesi, M., Bicknell, B., and Zhang, Z. (2011, January 23\u201327). Hewlett Packard's Seismic Grade Mems Accelerometer. Cancun, Mexico.","DOI":"10.1109\/MEMSYS.2011.5734492"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"33","article-title":"Application of MEMS accelerometer to geophysics","volume":"4","author":"Aizawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. JCRM"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3103\/S0747923914010022","article-title":"Operating principles and technical characteristics of a small-sized molecular-electronic seismic sensor with negative feedback","volume":"50","author":"Agafonov","year":"2014","journal-title":"Seism. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4581","DOI":"10.3390\/s130404581","article-title":"Molecular Electric Transducers as Motion Sensors: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westhora, K. (2014, January 3\u20135). ELF Extended Low Frequency Sensor Designs. Nuremberg, Germany.","DOI":"10.5162\/etc2014\/1.4"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1134\/S1063784210010214","article-title":"Convective noise in molecular electronic transducers of diffusion type","volume":"55","author":"Agafonov","year":"2010","journal-title":"Tech. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"61","article-title":"Fluctuating vortex flows and their contribution to the noise of molecular electronic converters","volume":"5","author":"Zaitsev","year":"2006","journal-title":"Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Electron."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Compact Molecular-Electronic Seismic Sensors. Available online: http:\/\/r-sensors.ru\/1_products\/Compact_seismic_sensors_MTSS.pdf."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Broadband Seismometer CME-6211. Available online: http:\/\/r-sensors.ru\/1_products\/Descriptions\/CME-6211.pdf."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"AD704: Picoampere Input Current Quad Bipolar Op Amp. Available online: http:\/\/www. analog.com\/static\/imported-files\/data_sheets\/AD704.pdf."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"34","article-title":"Wide Band Motion Sensor Calibrator","volume":"67","author":"Abramovich","year":"1996","journal-title":"Seismol. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Bus-Powered M Series Multifunction DAQ for USB\u201316-Bit. Available online: http:\/\/www. ni.com\/datasheet\/pdf\/en\/ds-9."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/1\/365\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:46Z","timestamp":1760217106000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/1\/365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,26]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s150100365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150100365","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,26]]}}}