{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,2]],"date-time":"2025-12-02T06:11:29Z","timestamp":1764655889780,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute of Nuclear Physics","award":["young researcher grant, project n\u00b0 157660"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["young researcher grant, project n\u00b0 157660"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003407","name":"MIUR","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FIRB \u201cFuturo in Ricerca 2010\u201d, CUP code: D11J11000450001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FIRB \u201cFuturo in Ricerca 2010\u201d, CUP code: D11J11000450001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003407","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"University of Torino and \u201cCompagnia di San Paolo\u201d","award":["Linea 1A - ORTO11RRT5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Linea 1A - ORTO11RRT5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The detection of quantal exocytic events from neurons and neuroendocrine cells is a challenging task in neuroscience. One of the most promising platforms for the development of a new generation of biosensors is diamond, due to its biocompatibility, transparency and chemical inertness. Moreover, the electrical properties of diamond can be turned from a perfect insulator into a conductive material (resistivity ~m\u03a9\u00b7cm) by exploiting the metastable nature of this allotropic form of carbon. A 16\u2011channels MEA (Multi Electrode Array) suitable for cell culture growing has been fabricated by means of ion implantation. A focused 1.2 MeV He+ beam was scanned on a IIa single-crystal diamond sample (4.5 \u00d7 4.5 \u00d7 0.5 mm3) to cause highly damaged sub-superficial structures that were defined with micrometric spatial resolution. After implantation, the sample was annealed. This process provides the conversion of the sub-superficial highly damaged regions to a graphitic phase embedded in a highly insulating diamond matrix. Thanks to a three-dimensional masking technique, the endpoints of the sub-superficial channels emerge in contact with the  sample surface, therefore being available as sensing electrodes. Cyclic voltammetry and amperometry measurements of solutions with increasing concentrations of adrenaline were performed to characterize the biosensor sensitivity. The reported results demonstrate that this new type of biosensor is suitable for in vitro detection of catecholamine release.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150100515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]],"date-time":"2014-12-30T09:42:58Z","timestamp":1419932578000},"page":"515-528","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Development and Characterization of a Diamond-Insulated Graphitic Multi Electrode Array Realized with Ion  Beam Lithography"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Federico","family":"Picollo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, Torino 10125, Italy"},{"name":"Physics Department and NIS Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 1, Torino 10125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alfio","family":"Battiato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, Torino 10125, Italy"},{"name":"Physics Department and NIS Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 1, Torino 10125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS Center, University of Torino,  Corso Raffaello 30, Torino 10125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Croin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Science and Technology\u2014DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, Torino 10129, Italy"},{"name":"Nanofacility Piemonte, National Institute of Metrologic Research (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino 10135, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emanuele","family":"Enrico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanofacility Piemonte, National Institute of Metrologic Research (INRiM), Strada delle Cacce 91, Torino 10135, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacopo","family":"Forneris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, Torino 10125, Italy"},{"name":"Physics Department and NIS Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 1, Torino 10125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Gosso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS Center, University of Torino,  Corso Raffaello 30, Torino 10125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Olivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino, via P. Giuria 1, Torino 10125, Italy"},{"name":"Physics Department and NIS Center, University of Torino, via P. Giuria 1, Torino 10125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Pasquarelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electron Devices and Circuits, Ulm University, Ulm 89069, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Carabelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Drug Science and Technology and NIS Center, University of Torino,  Corso Raffaello 30, Torino 10125, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Available online: https:\/\/www.humanbrainproject.eu\/it\/home."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"National Institute of Health Available online: http:\/\/www.braininitiative.nih.gov\/index.htm."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Coupland, R.E. (1965). 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