{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,7]],"date-time":"2026-02-07T05:03:47Z","timestamp":1770440627558,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]],"date-time":"2014-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1419984000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was applied to perform a rapid elemental analysis and provenance study of Blumea balsamifera DC. Principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were implemented to exploit the multivariate nature of the LIBS data. Scores and loadings of computed principal components visually illustrated the differing spectral data. The PLS-DA algorithm showed good classification performance. The PLS-DA model using complete spectra as input variables had similar discrimination performance to using selected spectral lines as input variables. The down-selection of spectral lines was specifically focused on the major elements of B. balsamifera samples. Results indicated that LIBS could be used to rapidly analyze elements and to perform provenance study of B. balsamifera.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150100642","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]],"date-time":"2014-12-31T08:49:33Z","timestamp":1420015773000},"page":"642-655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Rapid Elemental Analysis and Provenance Study of  Blumea balsamifera DC Using Laser-Induced  Breakdown Spectroscopy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaona","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, South of Wangjing Middle Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China"}]},{"given":"Qiao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, South of Wangjing Middle Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China"}]},{"given":"Zhisheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, South of Wangjing Middle Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China"}]},{"given":"Xinyuan","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, South of Wangjing Middle Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China"}]},{"given":"Na","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, South of Wangjing Middle Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China"}]},{"given":"Yanjiang","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, South of Wangjing Middle Ring Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100102, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(1999). The Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai Science and Technology Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.485573","article-title":"Antimicrobial activity of Blumea balsamifera (Lin.) DC. extracts and essential oil","volume":"25","author":"Sakee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1405","DOI":"10.3109\/13880209.2010.487281","article-title":"Xanthine oxidase inhibitory activities of extracts and flavonoids of the leaves of Blumea balsamifera","volume":"48","author":"Fazilatun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharm. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/chromsci\/43.8.416","article-title":"RP-HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of naturally occurring flavonoids in leaves of Blumea balsamifera DC","volume":"43","author":"Fazilatun","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.saa.2011.04.072","article-title":"Discrimination of Radix Pseudostellariae according to geographical origins using NIR spectroscopy and support vector data description","volume":"79","author":"Lin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta A"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1366\/000370210793561691","article-title":"Laser-Induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Part I: Review of basic diagnostics and plasma-particle interactions: Still-Challenging issues within the analytical plasma community","volume":"64","author":"Hahn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1366\/11-06574","article-title":"Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), Part II: Review of instrumental and methodogical approaches to material analysis and applications to different fields","volume":"66","author":"Hahn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.02.026","article-title":"Recognition of explosives fingerprints on objects for courier services using machine learning methods and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","volume":"110","author":"Moros","year":"2013","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11467-012-0272-x","article-title":"Detection of explosives with laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","volume":"7","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1080\/05704928.2012.717569","article-title":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for chemical mapping of materials","volume":"48","author":"Mateo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miziolek, A.W., Palleschi, V., and Schechter, I. (2006). Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS): Fundamentals and Applications, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511541261"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cremers, D.A., and Radziemski, L.J. (2006). Handbook of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.","DOI":"10.1002\/0470093013"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17725","DOI":"10.3390\/s140917725","article-title":"Algal biomass analysis by laser-based analytical techniques\u2014A review","volume":"14","author":"Prochazka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s11467-013-0410-0","article-title":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy in China","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2686","DOI":"10.1021\/ac202755e","article-title":"Incorporation of support vector machines in the LIBS toolbox for sensitive and robust classification amidst unexpected sample and system variability","volume":"84","author":"Dingari","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"1961","article-title":"Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy as a tool for discrimination of glass for forensic applications","volume":"39","author":"Gornushkin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B130","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.00B130","article-title":"Comparison of two partial least squares-discriminant analysis algorithms for identifying geological samples with the ChemCam laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument","volume":"51","author":"Ollila","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2013.11.082","article-title":"Reliable classification of moving waste materials with LIBS in concrete recycling","volume":"120","author":"Xia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2012.11.011","article-title":"Detection and identification of salts and frozen salt solutions combining laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy and multivariate analysis methods: A study for future martian exploration","volume":"223","author":"Pavlov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Icarus"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2009.02.009","article-title":"LIBS analysis of geomaterials: Geochemical fingerprinting for the rapid analysis and discrimination of minerals","volume":"24","author":"Harmon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3956","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ay40491a","article-title":"Regional discrimination of oysters using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy","volume":"5","author":"Akpovo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Methods"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C168","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.49.00C168","article-title":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy-based geochemical fingerprinting for the rapid analysis and discrimination of minerals: The example of garnet","volume":"49","author":"Alvey","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.3390\/s8010445","article-title":"Multi-instrumental analysis of tissues of sunflower plants treated with Silver(I) ions\u2014Plants as bioindicators of environmental pollution","volume":"8","author":"Krizkova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2012.05.005","article-title":"Laser-Induced breakdown spectroscopy for analysis of plant materials: A review","volume":"71\u201372","author":"Santos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta B"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1002\/clen.201300411","article-title":"LIBS analysis of plants and composts used for soil remediation","volume":"42","author":"Senesi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clean Soil Air Water"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2009.04.003","article-title":"Evaluation of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for the determination of micronutrients in plant materials","volume":"64","author":"Trevizan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta B"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2008.08.005","article-title":"Evaluation of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for the determination of macronutrients in plant materials","volume":"63","author":"Trevizan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta B"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5040","DOI":"10.3390\/s90705040","article-title":"Sunflower plants as bioindicators of environmental pollution with lead (II) ions","volume":"9","author":"Krystofova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1007\/s00339-008-4747-0","article-title":"Investigation of heavy-metal accumulation in selected plant samples using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry","volume":"93","author":"Kaiser","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-011-0921-2","article-title":"Prospects for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for biomedical applications: A review","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1366\/000370210791666183","article-title":"The use of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for distinguishing between bacterial pathogen species and strains","volume":"64","author":"Multari","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2010). Pharmacopeia of People's Republic of China, China Medical Science Press. [1st ed.]."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.06.069","article-title":"Evaluation of grinding methods for pellets preparation aiming at the analysis of plant materials by laser induced breakdown spectrometry","volume":"85","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.2174\/157341110790069600","article-title":"Chemometrics and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) analyses for identification of wall paintings","volume":"6","author":"Detalle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25872","DOI":"10.1039\/c3ra44946g","article-title":"Analytical predictive capabilities of laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with principal component analysis (PCA) for plastic classification","volume":"3","author":"Unnikrishnan","year":"2013","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1462","DOI":"10.1021\/ac051721p","article-title":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of composite samples: Comparison of advanced chemometrics methods","volume":"78","author":"Sirven","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2009.03.001","article-title":"Classification of Brazilian soils by using LIBS and variable selection in the wavelet domain","volume":"642","author":"Pontes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B83","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.000B83","article-title":"Classification of explosive residues on organic substrates using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy","volume":"51","author":"Gottfried","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"B65","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.51.000B65","article-title":"Advanced signal processing analysis of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data for the discrimination of obsidian sources","volume":"51","author":"Remus","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2011.01.069","article-title":"Identification and discrimination of bacterial strains by laser induced breakdown spectroscopy and neural networks","volume":"84","author":"Ayala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6205","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.42.006205","article-title":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of bacterial spores, molds, pollens, and protein initial studies of discrimination potential","volume":"42","author":"Samuels","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1366\/12-06679","article-title":"Analysis and classification of heterogeneous kidney stones using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS)","volume":"66","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Spectrosc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-2802-0","article-title":"Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy for detection of explosives residues: A review of recent advances, challenges, and future prospects","volume":"395","author":"Gottfried","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2006.02.004","article-title":"Double pulse, calibration-free laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy a new technique for in situstandard-less analysis of polluted soils","volume":"21","author":"Corsi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Geochem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sab.2014.01.001","article-title":"Advanced statistical analysis of laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy data to discriminate sedimentary rocks based on Czerny-Turner and Echelle spectrometers","volume":"93","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spectrochim. Acta B"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/1\/642\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:11:56Z","timestamp":1760217116000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/1\/642"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1]]}},"alternative-id":["s150100642"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150100642","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,31]]}}}