{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T16:32:33Z","timestamp":1778517153723,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]],"date-time":"2015-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NASA","award":["Water and Energy Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Water and Energy Program"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Ocean Biology and Biogeochemistry Program"]}]},{"name":"NASA","award":["Gulf of Mexico Program"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Gulf of Mexico Program"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"NOAA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NESDIS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NESDIS"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The most recent Visible Infrared Imager Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) is not equipped with a spectral band to detect solar-stimulated phytoplankton fluorescence. The lack of such a band may affect the ability of VIIRS to detect and quantify harmful algal blooms (HABs) in coastal waters rich in colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM) because of the overlap of CDOM and chlorophyll absorption within the blue-green spectrum. A recent HAB dominated by the toxin-producing dinoflagellate Karenia brevis in the northeastern Gulf of Mexico, offshore of Florida\u2019s Big Bend region, allowed for comparison of the capacities of VIIRS and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) to detect blooms in CDOM-rich waters. Both VIIRS and MODIS showed general consistency in mapping the CDOM-rich dark water, which measured a maximum area of 8900 km2 by mid-July 2014. However, within the dark water, only MODIS allowed detection of bloom patches\u2014as indicated by high normalized fluorescence line height (nFLH). Field surveys between late July and mid-September confirmed Karenia brevis at bloom abundances up to 20 million cells\u00b7L\u22121 within these patches. The bloom patches were well captured by the MODIS nFLH images, but not by the default chlorophyll a concentration (Chla) images from either MODIS or VIIRS. Spectral analysis showed that VIIRS could not discriminate these high-phytoplankton water patches within the dark water due to its lack of fluorescence band. Such a deficiency may be overcome with new algorithms or future satellite missions such as the U.S. NASA\u2019s Pre-Aerosol-Clouds-Ecology mission and the European Space Agency\u2019s Sentinel-3 mission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150202873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]],"date-time":"2015-01-28T09:54:57Z","timestamp":1422438897000},"page":"2873-2887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["A Harmful Algal Bloom of Karenia brevis in the  Northeastern Gulf of Mexico as Revealed by MODIS and VIIRS: A Comparison"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chuanmin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Barnes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Marine Science, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Corcoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, Fish and Wildlife Research Institute,  St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Liu, X., Tan, L., Jiang, L., Son, S., Shi, W., Rausch, K., and Voss, K. 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