{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T18:51:16Z","timestamp":1775760676087,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1422489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a Rayleigh-Mie-Raman LIDAR system in operation at  Clermont-Ferrand (France) since 2008. The system provides continuous vertical tropospheric profiles of aerosols, cirrus optical properties and water vapour mixing ratio. Located in proximity to the high altitude Puy de D\u00f4me station, labelled as the GAW global station PUY since August 2014, it is a useful tool to describe the boundary layer dynamics and hence interpret in situ measurements. This LIDAR has been upgraded with specific hardware\/software developments and laboratory calibrations in order to improve the quality of the profiles, calibrate the depolarization ratio, and increase the automation of operation. As a result, we provide a climatological water vapour profile analysis for the 2009\u20132013 period, showing an annual cycle with a winter minimum and a summer maximum, consistent with in-situ observations at the PUY station. An overview of a preliminary climatology of cirrus clouds frequency shows that in 2014, more than 30% of days present cirrus events. Finally, the backscatter coefficient profile observed on  27 September 2014 shows the capacity of the system to detect cirrus clouds at 13 km altitude, in presence of aerosols below the 5 km altitude.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150203041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]],"date-time":"2015-01-29T10:10:02Z","timestamp":1422526202000},"page":"3041-3069","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["LIDAR Developments at Clermont-Ferrand\u2014France for Atmospheric Observation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Patrick","family":"Fr\u00e9ville","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal,  24 av. des Landais, BP80026, Aubi\u00e8re Cedex 63171, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nad\u00e8ge","family":"Montoux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Physique\u2013UMR 6016, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal, CNRS,  24 av. des Landais, BP 80026, Aubi\u00e8re Cedex 63171, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4711-6310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"Baray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Physique du Globe de Clermont-Ferrand, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal,  24 av. des Landais, BP80026, Aubi\u00e8re Cedex 63171, France"},{"name":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Physique\u2013UMR 6016, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal, CNRS,  24 av. des Landais, BP 80026, Aubi\u00e8re Cedex 63171, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aur\u00e9lien","family":"Chauvign\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Physique\u2013UMR 6016, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal, CNRS,  24 av. des Landais, BP 80026, Aubi\u00e8re Cedex 63171, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"R\u00e9veret","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Pascal\u2014UMR 6602, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal, CNRS, 24 av. des Landais, BP 80026, Aubi\u00e8re Cedex 63171, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxime","family":"Hervo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Physique\u2013UMR 6016, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal, CNRS,  24 av. des Landais, BP 80026, Aubi\u00e8re Cedex 63171, France"},{"name":"Federal Office of Meteorology and Climatology, MeteoSwiss, Payerne 1530, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3854-521X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Dionisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Istituto di Scienze dell'Atmosfera e del Clima, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche,  Roma 00133, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillaume","family":"Payen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Observatoire de Sciences de l'Univers-R\u00e9union, UMS 3365, CNRS, Universit\u00e9 de la R\u00e9union,  Saint Denis de la R\u00e9union 97744, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karine","family":"Sellegri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire de M\u00e9t\u00e9orologie Physique\u2013UMR 6016, Universit\u00e9 Blaise Pascal, CNRS,  24 av. des Landais, BP 80026, Aubi\u00e8re Cedex 63171, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Field, C.B., Barros, V.R., Dokken, D.J., Mach, K.J., Mastrandrea, M.D., Bilir, T.E., Chatterjee, M., Ebi, K.L., Estrada, Y.O., and Genova, R.C. 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