{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T14:46:20Z","timestamp":1779201980614,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]],"date-time":"2015-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor network (WSN) consists of many hosts called sensors. These sensors can sense a phenomenon (motion, temperature, humidity, average, max, min, etc.) and represent what they sense in a form of data. There are many applications for WSNs including object tracking and monitoring where in most of the cases these objects need protection. In these applications, data privacy itself might not be as important as the privacy of source location. In addition to the source location privacy, sink location privacy should also be provided. Providing an efficient end-to-end privacy solution would be a challenging task to achieve due to the open nature of the WSN. The key schemes needed for end-to-end location privacy are anonymity, observability, capture likelihood, and safety period. We extend this work to allow for countermeasures against multi-local and global adversaries. We present a network model protected against a sophisticated threat model: passive \/active and local\/multi-local\/global attacks. This work provides a solution for end-to-end anonymity and location privacy as well. We will introduce a framework called fortified anonymous communication (FAC) protocol for WSN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150305820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]],"date-time":"2015-03-10T10:59:09Z","timestamp":1425985149000},"page":"5820-5864","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Fortified Anonymous Communication Protocol for Location Privacy in WSN: A Modular Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Abdel-Shakour","family":"Abuzneid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7141-9990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tarek","family":"Sobh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2684-0887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miad","family":"Faezipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ausif","family":"Mahmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science and Engineering Department, University of Bridgeport, Bridgeport, CT 06604, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, United States Military Academy,  West Point, NY 10996, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2010.07.014","article-title":"Design and Performance analysis of MAC Schemes for Wireless Sensor Networks Powered by Ambient Energy Harvesting","volume":"9","author":"Eu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnca.2012.01.012","article-title":"Using a dynamic backbone for efficient data delivery in solar-powered WSNs","volume":"35","author":"Noh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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