{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T04:25:13Z","timestamp":1768883113065,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,13]],"date-time":"2015-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426204800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We compared the accuracy of five objective methods, including two newly developed methods combining accelerometry and activity type recognition (Acti4), against indirect calorimetry, to estimate total energy expenditure (EE) of different activities in semi-standardized settings. Fourteen participants performed a standardized and semi-standardized protocol including seven daily life activity types, while having their EE measured by indirect calorimetry. Simultaneously, physical activity was quantified by an ActivPAL3, two ActiGraph GT3X+\u2019s and an Actiheart. EE was estimated by the standard ActivPAL3 software (ActivPAL), ActiGraph GT3X+ (ActiGraph) and Actiheart (Actiheart), and by a combination of activity type recognition via Acti4 software and activity counts per minute (CPM) of either a hip- or thigh-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ (AGhip + Acti4 and AGthigh + Acti4). At group level, estimated physical activities EE by Actiheart (MSE = 2.05) and AGthigh + Acti4 (MSE = 0.25) were not significantly different from measured EE by indirect calorimetry, while significantly underestimated by ActiGraph, ActivPAL and AGhip + Acti4. AGthigh + Acti4 and Actiheart explained 77% and 45%, of the individual variations in measured physical activity EE by indirect calorimetry, respectively. This study concludes that combining accelerometer data from a thigh-worn ActiGraph GT3X+ with activity type recognition improved the accuracy of activity specific EE estimation against indirect calorimetry in semi-standardized settings compared to previously validated methods using CPM only.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150306133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,13]],"date-time":"2015-03-13T11:51:52Z","timestamp":1426247512000},"page":"6133-6151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Validation of Five Minimally Obstructive Methods to Estimate Physical Activity Energy Expenditure in Young Adults in  Semi-Standardized Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mikkel","family":"Schneller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mogens","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nidhi","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mette","family":"Aadahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Centre for Prevention and Health, the Capital Region of Denmark,  Glostrup University Hospital, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Holtermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Research Centre for the Working Environment, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2655","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-0882","article-title":"Role of low energy expenditure and sitting in obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease","volume":"56","author":"Hamilton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3109","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000075572.40158.77","article-title":"Exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease\u2014A statement from the council on clinical cardiology (subcommittee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention) and the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism (subcommittee on physical activity)","volume":"107","author":"Thompson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"WHO (2009). 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