{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T23:17:08Z","timestamp":1771888628900,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426464000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper presents an improved local ternary pattern (LTP) for automatic target recognition (ATR) in infrared imagery. Firstly, a robust LTP (RLTP) scheme is proposed to overcome the limitation of the original LTP for achieving the invariance with respect to the illumination transformation. Then, a soft concave-convex partition (SCCP) is introduced to add some flexibility to the original concave-convex partition (CCP) scheme. Referring to the orthogonal combination of local binary patterns (OC_LBP), the orthogonal combination of LTP (OC_LTP) is adopted to reduce the dimensionality of the LTP histogram. Further, a novel operator, called the soft concave-convex orthogonal combination of robust LTP (SCC_OC_RLTP), is proposed by combing RLTP, SCCP and OC_LTP. Finally, the new operator is used for ATR along with a blocking schedule to improve its discriminability and a feature selection technique to enhance its efficiency. Experimental results on infrared imagery show that the proposed features can achieve competitive ATR results compared with the state-of-the-art methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150306399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]],"date-time":"2015-03-16T11:17:39Z","timestamp":1426504659000},"page":"6399-6418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Improved Local Ternary Patterns for Automatic Target Recognition in Infrared Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaosheng","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junding","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoliang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 202 Engineering South, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhiheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computer Science and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, 2001 Century Avenue, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1006\/cviu.2001.0938","article-title":"Experimental Evaluation of forward-looking IR data set automatic target recognition approaches Comparative Study","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2001","journal-title":"Comput. 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