{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T16:23:10Z","timestamp":1771518190211,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002745","name":"Bavarian Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AZ 974-11"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AZ 974-11"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002745","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Emerging Fields Initiative, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg","award":["EFIMoves"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFIMoves"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Changes in gait patterns provide important information about individuals\u2019 health. To perform sensor based gait analysis, it is crucial to develop methodologies to automatically segment single strides from continuous movement sequences. In this study we developed an algorithm based on time-invariant template matching to isolate strides from inertial sensor signals. Shoe-mounted gyroscopes and accelerometers were used to record gait data from 40 elderly controls, 15 patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease and  15 geriatric patients. Each stride was manually labeled from a straight 40 m walk test and from a video monitored free walk sequence. A multi-dimensional subsequence Dynamic Time Warping (msDTW) approach was used to search for patterns matching a pre-defined stride template constructed from 25 elderly controls. F-measure of 98% (recall 98%, precision 98%) for 40 m walk tests and of 97% (recall 97%, precision 97%) for free walk tests were obtained for the three groups. Compared to conventional peak detection methods up to 15% F-measure improvement was shown. The msDTW proved to be robust for segmenting strides from both standardized gait tests and free walks. This approach may serve as a platform for individualized stride segmentation during activities of daily living.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150306419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T11:04:24Z","timestamp":1426590264000},"page":"6419-6440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":164,"title":["Stride Segmentation during Free Walk Movements Using  Multi-Dimensional Subsequence Dynamic Time Warping on Inertial Sensor Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jens","family":"Barth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"ASTRUM IT GmbH, Am Wolfsmantel 2, Erlangen D-91058, Germany"},{"name":"Digital Sports Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Martensstra\u00dfe 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6,  Erlangen D-91054, Germany"}]},{"given":"C\u00e4cilia","family":"Oberndorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ASTRUM IT GmbH, Am Wolfsmantel 2, Erlangen D-91058, Germany"},{"name":"Digital Sports Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Martensstra\u00dfe 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany"}]},{"given":"Cristian","family":"Pasluosta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Sports Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Martensstra\u00dfe 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6,  Erlangen D-91054, Germany"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Sch\u00fclein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatrics Centre Erlangen, Waldkrankenhaus St. Marien, Rathsberger Stra\u00dfe 57,  Erlangen D-91054, Germany"}]},{"given":"Heiko","family":"Gassner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6,  Erlangen D-91054, Germany"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Reinfelder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Sports Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Martensstra\u00dfe 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kugler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Sports Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Martensstra\u00dfe 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Schuldhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Sports Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Martensstra\u00dfe 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany"}]},{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Winkler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6,  Erlangen D-91054, Germany"}]},{"given":"Jochen","family":"Klucken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Neurology, Universit\u00e4tsklinikum Erlangen,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Schwabachanlage 6,  Erlangen D-91054, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0417-0336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bj\u00f6rn","family":"Eskofier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Digital Sports Group, Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science,  Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg (FAU), Martensstra\u00dfe 3, Erlangen D-91058, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e56956","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056956","article-title":"Unbiased and mobile gait analysis detects motor impairment in parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"8","author":"Klucken","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2010.07.003","article-title":"3D gait assessment in young and elderly subjects using foot-worn inertial sensors","volume":"43","author":"Mariani","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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