{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T17:25:36Z","timestamp":1782926736924,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":128,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1426550400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past few decades the increased level of public awareness concerning healthcare, physical activities, safety and environmental sensing has created an emerging need for smart sensor technologies and monitoring devices able to sense, classify, and provide feedbacks to users\u2019 health status and physical activities, as well as to evaluate environmental and safety conditions in a pervasive, accurate and reliable fashion. Monitoring and precisely quantifying users\u2019 physical activity with inertial measurement unit-based devices, for instance, has also proven to be important in health management of patients affected by chronic diseases, e.g., Parkinson\u2019s disease, many of which are becoming highly prevalent in Italy and in the Western world. This review paper will focus on MEMS sensor technologies developed in Italy in the last three years describing research achievements for healthcare and physical activity, safety and environmental sensing, in addition to smart systems integration. Innovative and smart integrated solutions for sensing devices, pursued and implemented in Italian research centres, will be highlighted, together with specific applications of such technologies. Finally, the paper will depict the future perspective of sensor technologies and corresponding exploitation opportunities, again with a specific focus on Italy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150306441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]],"date-time":"2015-03-17T11:04:24Z","timestamp":1426590264000},"page":"6441-6468","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["MEMS Sensor Technologies for Human Centred Applications  in Healthcare, Physical Activities, Safety and Environmental Sensing: A Review on Research Activities in Italy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gastone","family":"Ciuti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56025, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonardo","family":"Ricotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56025, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arianna","family":"Menciassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56025, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Dario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa 56025, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gad-el-Hak, M. (2001). The MEMS Handbook, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420050905"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Du Plessis, M. (2014). Sensors, MEMS, and Electro-Optical Systems, SPIE Press."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.94.42","article-title":"Piezoresistance effect in germanium and silicon","volume":"94","author":"Smith","year":"1954","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1755","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRev.98.1755","article-title":"Pressure dependence of the resistivity of silicon","volume":"98","author":"Paul","year":"1955","journal-title":"Phys. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2008","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1728280","article-title":"Semiconducting stress transducers utilizing the transverse and shear piezoresistance effects","volume":"32","author":"Pfann","year":"1961","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3322","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1931164","article-title":"Silicon diffused-element piezoresistive diaphragms","volume":"33","author":"Tufte","year":"1962","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1108\/02602280710729068","article-title":"MEMS sensors: Past, present and future","volume":"27","author":"Bogue","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-05-2013-678","article-title":"Recent developments in MEMS sensors: A review of applications, markets and technologies","volume":"33","author":"Bogue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Nihtianov, S., and Luque, A. (2014). Smart Sensors and MEMS: Intelligent Devices and Microsystems for Industrial Applications, Woodhead Publishing."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magno, M., Benini, L., Spagnol, C., and Popovici, E. (2013, January 7\u20139). Wearable Low Power Dry Surface Wireless Sensor nodes for Healthcare Monitoring Application. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE 9th International Conference on Wireless and Mobile Computing, Networking and Communications (WiMob), Lyon, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/WiMOB.2013.6673360"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"MNX Company. Available online: http:\/\/www.mems-exchange.org\/MEMS\/what-is.html."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1108\/SR-12-2013-755","article-title":"Towards the trillion sensors market","volume":"34","author":"Bogue","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Kaajakari, V. (2009). Practical Mems: Design of Microsystems, Accelerometers, Gyroscopes, RF MEMS, Optical MEMS, and Microfluidic Systems, Small Gear Publishing."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., and Soper, S.A. (2006). Bio-MEMS: Technologies and Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420018677"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferrari, M., Lee, A.P., and Lee, J. (2007). BioMEMS and Biomedical Nanotechnology: Volume i: Biological and Biomedical Nanotechnology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/b136240"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"976","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2014.06.040","article-title":"Humove: A low-invasive wearable monitoring platform in sexual medicine","volume":"84","author":"Ciuti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Battista, L., Scorza, A., and Sciuto, S.A. (2012, January 15\u201317). Experimental Characterization of a Novel Fiber-Optic Accelerometer for the Quantitative Assessment of Rest Tremor in Parkinsonian Patients. Proceedings of the 9th IASTED International Conference of Biomedical Engineering, Innsbruck, Austria.","DOI":"10.2316\/P.2012.764-128"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/ane.12248","article-title":"Technical and clinical view on ambulatory assessment in Parkinson\u02bcs disease","volume":"130","author":"Hobert","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Pino, G., Formica, D., Melgari, J., Taffoni, F., Salomone, G., di Biase, L., Caimo, E., Vernieri, F., and Guglielmelli, E. (2012, January 24\u201327). Neurophysiological Bases of Tremors and Accelerometric Parameters Analysis, Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob). Proceedings of the 4th IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on, Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioRob.2012.6290819"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2011.2116017","article-title":"Hilbert-huang-based tremor removal to assess postural properties from accelerometers","volume":"58","author":"Mellone","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.04.010","article-title":"Postural sway as a marker of progression in Parkinson\u02bcs disease: A pilot longitudinal study","volume":"36","author":"Mancini","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parkreldis.2011.05.010","article-title":"Trunk accelerometry reveals postural instability in untreated Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"17","author":"Mancini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Parkinsonism Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-59","article-title":"Isway: A sensitive, valid and reliable measure of postural control","volume":"9","author":"Mancini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroeng. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e32240","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0032240","article-title":"Impaired trunk stability in individuals at high risk for Parkinson\u02bcs disease","volume":"7","author":"Maetzler","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"664","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2236577","article-title":"Quantification of motor impairment in Parkinson\u02bcs disease using an instrumented timed up and go test","volume":"21","author":"Palmerini","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Palmerini, L., Rocchi, L., Mellone, S., Valzania, F., and Chiari, L. (2013). Knowledge Discovery, Knowledge Engineering and Knowledge Management, Springer."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-012-1017-x","article-title":"Gait measures with a triaxial accelerometer among patients with neurological impairment","volume":"34","author":"Fazio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cavallo, F., Esposito, D., Rovini, E., Aquilano, M., Carrozza, M.C., Dario, P., Maremmani, C., and Bongioanni, P. (2013, January 24\u201326). Preliminary Evaluation of Senshand v1 in Assessing Motor Skills Performance in Parkinson\u2019s Disease, Rehabilitation Robotics (ICORR). Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICORR.2013.6650466"},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Lapi, S., Biagi, E., Borgioli, G., Calzolai, M., Masotti, L., and Fontana, G. (2011, January 26\u201329). A Proposal of a Novel Cardiorespiratory Long-Term Monitoring Device. Proceedings of the International Conference on Bio-inspired Systems and Signal Processing (BIOSIGNALS), Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bifulco, P., Cesarelli, M., Fratini, A., Ruffo, M., Pasquariello, G., and Gargiulo, G. (2011, January 30\u201331). A Wearable Device for Recording of Biopotentials and Body Movements. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Workshop on Medical Measurements and Applications Proceedings (MeMeA), Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2011.5966735"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sardini, E., Serpelloni, M., and Ometto, M. (2011, January 30\u201331). Multi-Parameters Wireless Shirt for Physiological Monitoring. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Workshop on Medical Measurements and Applications Proceedings (MeMeA), Bari, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2011.5966654"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S0263574709990361","article-title":"Robotic magnetic steering and locomotion of capsule endoscope for diagnostic and surgical endoluminal procedures","volume":"28","author":"Ciuti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Robotica"},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"229","article-title":"Magnetic and inertial sensor fusion for the localization endoluminal diagnostic devices","volume":"7","author":"Salerno","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Assist. Radiol. Surgery (CARS)"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2011.12.024","article-title":"A wireless module for vibratory motor control and inertial sensing in capsule endoscopy","volume":"186","author":"Ciuti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serio, S., Assaf, T., Cecchi, F., Laschi, C., and Dario, P. (2012, January 24\u201327). A Novel Wireless Toy for Measuring Infants\u02bc Bimanual Actions. Proceedings of the 4th IEEE RAS & EMBS International Conference on Biomedical Robotics and Biomechatronics (BioRob), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioRob.2012.6290773"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2255066","article-title":"Design and development of a sensorized wireless toy for measuring infants\u02bc manual actions","volume":"21","author":"Serio","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"EU Caretoy Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.caretoy.eu."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-14-268","article-title":"Home-based, early intervention with mechatronic toys for preterm infants at risk of neurodevelopmental disorders (caretoy): A RCT protocol","volume":"14","author":"Sgandurra","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"EU Sensorart Project. Available online: http:\/\/www.sensorart.eu."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"ST Microelectronics. Available online: http:\/\/www.st.com."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valdastri, P., Taccini, N., Pinciaroli, A., Nannizzi, M., and Dario, P. (2011, January 14\u201318). Wearable and Implanted Sensors Platform to Monitor and Control Left Ventricular Assist Devices. Proceedings of the 5th European Conference of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering, Budapest, Hungary.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-23508-5_250"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"660","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2014.2346015","article-title":"An innovative adaptive control strategy for sensorized left ventricular assist devices","volume":"8","author":"Verbeni","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2012.2303","article-title":"A cmut probe for medical ultrasonography: From microfabrication to system integration","volume":"59","author":"Savoia","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langfelder, G., and Tocchio, A. (2014). On the operation of Lorentz-force mems magnetometers with a frequency offset between driving current and mechanical resonance. IEEE Trans. Magn., 50.","DOI":"10.1109\/TMAG.2013.2281404"},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Compact MEMS magnetometers for inertial measurement units","volume":"12","author":"Buffa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perenzoni, M., Perenzoni, D., Stoppa, D., Mulloni, V., Solazzi, F., Resta, G., and Margesin, B. (2011, January 8\u201310). Terahertz microsensor for Biomedical Applications. Proceedings of the 2011 International Workshop on BioPhotonics, Parma, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/IWBP.2011.5954813"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"Tedeschi, L., Domenici, C., Russino, V., Nannini, A., and Pieri, F. (2014). Sensors and Microsystems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1007\/s00542-011-1325-8","article-title":"A new transparent bio-MEMS for uni-axial single cell stretching","volume":"17","author":"Fior","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microsyst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Global Agenda Council on Ageing Society Available online: http:\/\/www3.weforum.org\/docs\/WEF_GAC_GlobalPopulationAgeing_Report_2012.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"An Aging Nation: The Older Population in the United States\u2014Population Estimates and Projections, Available online: http:\/\/www.census.gov\/prod\/2014pubs\/p25\u20131140.pdf."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Sernani, P., Claudi, A., Palazzo, L., Dolcini, G., and Dragoni, A.F. (2013, January 6). Home Care Expert Systems for Ambient Assisted Living: A Multi-Agent Approach. Proceedings of the Workshop on The Challenge of Ageing Society: Technological Roles and Opportunities for Artificial Intelligence, Turin, Italy."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannini, A., and Sabatini, A.M. (September, January 30). On-Line Classification of Human Activity and Estimation of Walk-Run Speed from Acceleration Data Using Support Vector Machines. Proceedings of the 2011 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBC, Boton, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6090896"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mannini, A., and Sabatini, A.M. (2011). Accelerometry-based classification of human activities using Markov modeling. Comput. Intell. Neurosci.","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/647858"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31829736d6","article-title":"Activity recognition using a single accelerometer placed at the wrist or ankle","volume":"45","author":"Mannini","year":"2013","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comotti, D., Ermidoro, M., Galizzi, M., and Vitali, A. (2013, January 6\u20139). Development of a wireless low-power multi-sensor network for motion tracking applications. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Body Sensor Networks (BSN), Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/BSN.2013.6575466"},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"Palumbo, F., Barsocchi, P., Gallicchio, C., Chessa, S., and Micheli, A. (2013). Evaluating aal Systems through Competitive Benchmarking, Springer."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, H., Messina, E., and Bisiani, R. (2013, January 20\u201322). Subject-Dependent Physical Activity Recognition Model Framework with a Semi-Supervised Clustering Approach. Proceedings of the 2013 European Modelling Symposium (EMS), Manchester, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMS.2013.7"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dionisi, A., Sardini, E., Serpelloni, M., and Pasqui, V. (2014, January 11\u201312). Instrumented shirt to evaluate classical human movements. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Medical Measurements and Applications (MeMeA), Lisbon, Portugal.","DOI":"10.1109\/MeMeA.2014.6860042"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e37062","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037062","article-title":"Evaluation of accelerometer-based fall detection algorithms on real-world falls","volume":"7","author":"Becker","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rescio, G., Leone, A., and Siciliano, P. (2013). Supervised expert system for wearable MEMS accelerometer-based fall detector. J. Sens.","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/254629"},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"Rescio, G., Leone, A., and Siciliano, P. (2014). Sensors and Microsystems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12652-011-0065-z","article-title":"Multi-sensor system for detection and classification of human activities","volume":"4","author":"Ugolotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Ambient Intell. Humaniz. Comput."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"Diraco, G., Leone, A., Siciliano, P., Grassi, M., and Malcovati, P. (2012, January 24\u201326). Multi-Sensor System for Fall Detection in Ambient Assisted Living Contexts. Proceedings of the SENSORNETS, Rome, Italy."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"1001","article-title":"An integrated fall detection system with GSM module","volume":"Volume 33","author":"Fanucci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Assistive Technology Research Series"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmcj.2012.08.003","article-title":"A smartphone-based fall detection system","volume":"8","author":"Abbate","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pervasive Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"356","article-title":"Continuous monitoring of turning in patients with movement disability","volume":"13","author":"Pearson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2299063","article-title":"An instrumented insole for long term monitoring movement, comfort, and ergonomics","volume":"14","author":"Cristiani","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_68","unstructured":"Klaassen, B., van Beijnum, B.J., Weusthof, M., Hofs, D., van Meulen, F., Luinge, H., Lorussi, F., Hermens, H., and Veltink, P. (2014, January 3\u20136). A System for Monitoring Stroke Patients in a Home Environment. Proceedings of the HEALTHINF 2014\u20147th International Conference on Health Informatics, Part of 7th International Joint Conference on Biomedical Engineering Systems and Technologies, BIOSTEC 2014, Angers, France."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"European FP7 Interaction Project. Available online: http:\/\/cms.interaction4stroke.eu\/drupal\/."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iosa, M., Morone, G., Fusco, A., Bragoni, M., Coiro, P., Multari, M., Venturiero, V., de Angelis, D., Pratesi, L., and Paolucci, S. (2012). Seven capital devices for the future of stroke rehabilitation. Stroke Res. Treat.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/187965"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirabella, O., Raucea, A., Fisichella, F., and Gentile, L. (2012, January 19\u201321). A Motion Capture System for Sport Training and Rehabilitation. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Human System Interactions (HSI), Yokohama, Japan.","DOI":"10.1109\/HSI.2011.5937342"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7735","DOI":"10.3390\/s130607735","article-title":"Design of a wearable sensing system for human motion monitoring in physical rehabilitation","volume":"13","author":"Cagnoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Villanueva, L., Chiesi, L., and Mussi, L. (2012, January 20\u201322). Wireless Human Motion Acquisition System for Rehabilitation Assessment. Proceedings of the 2012 25th International Symposium on Computer-Based Medical Systems (CBMS), Rome, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/CBMS.2012.6266393"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asoc.2013.07.010","article-title":"A tool for linguistic assessment of rehabilitation exercises","volume":"14","author":"Ascari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Soft Comput."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2014.04.021","article-title":"Design and validation of a motion-tracking system for ROM measurements in home rehabilitation","volume":"55","author":"Daponte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4121","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2279056","article-title":"Directions towards effective utilization of tactile skin: A review","volume":"13","author":"Dahiya","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.3390\/s130201435","article-title":"Synthetic and bio-artificial tactile sensing: A review","volume":"13","author":"Lucarotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/RBME.2010.2085429","article-title":"Control of hand prostheses using peripheral information","volume":"3","author":"Micera","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biomed. Eng. IEEE Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.robot.2014.09.011","article-title":"Towards the creation of tactile maps for robots and their use in robot contact motion control","volume":"63","author":"Denei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Robot. Auton. Syst."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5596","DOI":"10.3390\/s110605596","article-title":"Roughness encoding in human and biomimetic artificial touch: Spatiotemporal frequency modulation and structural anisotropy of fingerprints","volume":"11","author":"Oddo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mee.2011.01.045","article-title":"A capacitive tactile sensor array for surface texture discrimination","volume":"88","author":"Muhammad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microelectron. Eng."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2010.10.025","article-title":"Development of a bioinspired mems based capacitive tactile sensor for a robotic finger","volume":"165","author":"Muhammad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1109\/TRO.2011.2116930","article-title":"Roughness encoding for discrimination of surfaces in artificial active-touch","volume":"27","author":"Oddo","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Robot."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3448","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2346742","article-title":"Tactile sensing chips with POSFET array and integrated interface electronics","volume":"14","author":"Dahiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. J. IEEE"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.3390\/s140101073","article-title":"A wireless flexible sensorized insole for gait analysis","volume":"14","author":"Crea","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"28","article-title":"MEMS conquering sports","volume":"1615","author":"Johnson","year":"2012","journal-title":"EE Times"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.02.019","article-title":"An enhanced estimate of initial contact and final contact instants of time using lower trunk inertial sensor data","volume":"36","author":"McCamley","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2010.523089","article-title":"Countermovement jump performance assessment using a wearable 3d inertial measurement unit","volume":"29","author":"Picerno","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31825dbcc5","article-title":"Concurrent validity of vertical jump performance assessment systems","volume":"27","author":"Castagna","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2011.12.020","article-title":"Estimation of temporal parameters during sprint running using a trunk-mounted inertial measurement unit","volume":"45","author":"Bergamini","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2012.02.014","article-title":"A least-squares identification algorithm for estimating squat exercise mechanics using a single inertial measurement unit","volume":"45","author":"Bonnet","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.09.017","article-title":"Assessing locomotor skills development in childhood using wearable inertial sensor devices: The running paradigm","volume":"37","author":"Masci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_93","unstructured":"Petrone, N., Marcolin, G., Cognolato, M., and Conte, D. (2013, January 14\u201319). Identification of skiing techniques with a single inertial sensor on the back: Preliminary methodological approches. Proceedings of the International Congress on cience and Skiing, ICSS 2013, Salzburg, Austria."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000243","article-title":"Validity of the sensewear armband to assess energy expenditure during intermittent exercise and recovery in Rugby Union players","volume":"28","author":"Zanetti","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"Bassetti, M., Braghin, F., Castelli-Dezza, F., Negrini, S., and Pennacchi, P. (2012). Topics in Modal Analysis II, Springer."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"Depari, A., de Dominicis, C., Flammini, A., Rinaldi, S., and Vezzoli, A. (2014). Sensors, Springer."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.orthtr.2014.01.002","article-title":"A new method for quantitative tremor assessment in sports","volume":"30","author":"Evangelista","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sport Orthop. Sport Traumatol. Sports Orthop. Traumatol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cesarini, D., Lelli, G., and Avvenuti, M. (2014, January 1\u20132). Are We Synchronized? Measure Synchrony in Team Sports Using A Network of Wireless Accelerometers. Proceedings of the 2014 International Workshop on Web Intelligence and Smart Sensing, Saint Etienne, France.","DOI":"10.1145\/2637064.2637104"},{"key":"ref_99","unstructured":"Cesarini, D., Schaffert, N., Manganiello, C., Mattes, K., and Avvenuti, M. (2013, January 6\u20139). Smartphone Based Sonification and Telemetry Platform for on-Water Rowing Training. Proceedings of the 19th International Conference on Auditory Display (ICAD2013), Lodz, Poland."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e77264","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0077264","article-title":"Analysis of balance, rapidity, force and reaction times of soccer players at different levels of competition","volume":"8","author":"Ricotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.4100\/jhse.2011.64.05","article-title":"Static and dynamic balance in young athletes","volume":"6","author":"Ricotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2010.12.026","article-title":"Break dance significantly increases static balance in 9 years-old soccer players","volume":"33","author":"Ricotti","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gait Posture"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1080\/17461391.2012.738711","article-title":"Stresses in the plantar region for long-and short-range throws in women basketball players","volume":"13","author":"Pau","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Sport Sci."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0838.2010.01098.x","article-title":"Idiosyncratic control of the center of mass in expert climbers","volume":"21","author":"Zampagni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.4100\/jhse.2011.62.15","article-title":"Technical skill differences in stroke propulsion between high level athletes in triathlon and top level swimmers","volume":"6","author":"Bottoni","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Sport Exerc."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cazzola, D., Preatoni, E., Stokes, K.A., England, M.E., and Trewartha, G. (2014). A modified prebind engagement process reduces biomechanical loading on front row players during scrummaging: A cross-sectional study of 11 elite teams. Br. J. Sports Med.","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2013-092904"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.4155\/bio.13.308","article-title":"Affinity-based biosensors in sport medicine and doping control analysis","volume":"6","author":"Mazzei","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioanalysis"},{"key":"ref_108","unstructured":"Caldara, M., Colleoni, C., Guido, E., Re, V., Rosace, G., and Vitali, A. (2014). Sensors and Microsystems, Springer."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.06.024","article-title":"Development of a textile-optoelectronic pH meter based on hybrid xerogel doped with methyl red","volume":"171","author":"Caldara","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1109\/MCAS.2013.2296415","article-title":"A top-down constraint-driven methodology for smart system design","volume":"14","author":"Crepaldi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Circuits Syst. Mag."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-00684-0_56","article-title":"Supervised machine learning scheme for wearable accelerometer-based fall detector","volume":"Volume 268","author":"Rescio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5134","DOI":"10.3390\/s120405134","article-title":"Benefits of combined gps\/glonass with low-cost MEMS IMUS for vehicular urban navigation","volume":"12","author":"Angrisano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.5721\/ItJRS20114324","article-title":"Field tests on gnss and inertial systems for transport fleet monitoring in urban environment","volume":"43","author":"Fastellini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ital. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Trapani, D., Biasi, N., De Cecco, M., and Zonta, D. (2012, January 28). Validation of mems acceleration measurements for seismic monitoring with LVDT and vision system. Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE Workshop on Environmental Energy and Structural Monitoring Systems (EESMS), Perugia, Italy.","DOI":"10.1109\/EESMS.2012.6348394"},{"key":"ref_115","unstructured":"Savoia, M., Vincenzi, L., Bassoli, E., Gambarelli, P., Betti, R., and Testa, R. (2013, January 16\u201320). Identification of the Manhattan Bridge Dynamic Properties for Fatigue Assessment. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Structural Safety and Reliability Safety, Reliability, Risk and Life-Cycle Performance of Structures and Infrastructures\u2014ICOSSAR 2013, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_116","unstructured":"Guidorzi, R., Diversi, R., Vincenzi, L., Mazzotti, C., and Simioli, V. (2011, January 4\u20136). Structural Monitoring of the Tower of the Faculty of Engineering in Bologna Using Mems-Based Sensing. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Structural Dynamics (EURODYN 2011), Leuven, Belgium."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"56","article-title":"Multi-site damage localization in a suspension bridge via aftershock monitoring","volume":"30","author":"Domaneschi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ing. Sism."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2010.2101310","article-title":"Cascaded \u201ctriple-bent-beam\u201d MEMS sensor for contactless temperature measurements in nonaccessible environments","volume":"60","author":"Baglio","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ker\u00e4nen, K., Ollila, J., Saloniemi, H., Matveev, B., Raittila, J., Helle, A., Kauppinen, I., Kuusela, T., Pierno, L., and Karioja, P. (2012, January 9\u201312). Portable Methane Sensor Demonstrator Based on LTCC Differential Photo Acoustic Cell and Silicon Cantilever. Proceedings of the Procedia Engineering, Krakov, Poland.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proeng.2012.09.428"},{"key":"ref_120","unstructured":"Orsini, A., Gatta, F., Leonardi, C., Medaglia, P., Bearzotti, A., Giovine, E., Foglietti, V., D\u2019Amico, A., and Falconi, C. (2014). Sensors, Springer."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zambelli, C., Olivo, P., Gaddi, R., Schepens, C., and Smith, C. (2011, January 22\u201325). Characterization of a MEMS-Based Embedded non Volatile Memory Array for Extreme Environments. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Memory Workshop (IMW), Monterey, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/IMW.2011.5873214"},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Manyika, J., Chui, M., Bughin, J., Dobbs, R., Bisson, P., and Marrs, A. (2013). Disruptive Technologies: Advances that will Transform Life, Business, and the Global Economy, McKinsey Global Institute."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGrath, M.J., and Cliodhna, N. (2013). Sensor Technologies: Healthcare, Wellness and Environmental Applications, Apress.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4302-6014-1"},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Tutte le novit\u00e0 sugli smarphone biometrici: Il futuro \u00e8 nei sensori\u2014nova24 tech\u2014il sole 24 ore. Available online: http:\/\/www.ilsole24ore.com\/art\/tecnologie\/2014\u201302\u201321\/tutte-novita-smarphone-biometrici-futuro-e-sensori-153549.shtml?uuid=ABgX4Cy."},{"key":"ref_125","unstructured":"MEMS Market to Top $22 Billion by 2018\u2014Source: Yole. Available online: http:\/\/www.eetimes.com\/document.asp?doc_id=1320035."},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"STmicroelectronics Tops Five Billion MEMS Sensors Shipped\u2014Extensive MEMS Portfolio, Which Also Includes Micro-Actuators, Drives Innovation Across IoT and Wearable, Mobile, Industrial, Consumer and Automotive Applications. Available online: http:\/\/www.st.com\/web\/en\/press\/t3603d."},{"key":"ref_127","unstructured":"Arduino Technologies. Available online: http:\/\/www.arduino.cc."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Maker formato arduino\u2014nova24 tech\u2014il sole 24 ore. Available online: http:\/\/www.ilsole24ore.com\/art\/tecnologie\/2014\u201310\u201306\/maker-formato-arduino--105857.shtml?uuid=ABaiRQ0B."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/3\/6441\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:43:34Z","timestamp":1760215414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/3\/6441"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]},"references-count":128,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]}},"alternative-id":["s150306441"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150306441","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,17]]}}}