{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T17:04:10Z","timestamp":1776099850725,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]],"date-time":"2015-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Indoor navigation systems have recently become a popular research field due to the lack of GPS signals indoors. Several indoors navigation systems have already been proposed in order to eliminate deficiencies; however each of them has several technical and usability limitations. In this study, we propose NFC Internal, a Near Field Communication (NFC)-based indoor navigation system, which enables users to navigate through a building or a complex by enabling a simple location update, simply by touching NFC tags those are spread around and orient users to the destination. In this paper, we initially present the system requirements, give the design details and study the viability of NFC Internal with a prototype application and a case study. Moreover, we evaluate the performance of the system and compare it with existing indoor navigation systems. It is seen that NFC Internal has considerable advantages and significant contributions to existing indoor navigation systems in terms of security and privacy, cost, performance, robustness, complexity, user preference and commercial availability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150407571","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]],"date-time":"2015-03-27T17:12:08Z","timestamp":1427476328000},"page":"7571-7595","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["NFC Internal: An Indoor Navigation System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Busra","family":"Ozdenizci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NFC Lab-Istanbul, Department of Information Technologies, ISIK University, Istanbul 34980, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vedat","family":"Coskun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFC Lab-Istanbul, Department of Information Technologies, ISIK University, Istanbul 34980, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kerem","family":"Ok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFC Lab-Istanbul, Department of Information Technologies, ISIK University, Istanbul 34980, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Ruppel, P., and Gschwandtner, F. (October, January 29). Spontaneous and Privacy-Friendly Mobile Indoor Routing and Navigation. Proceedings of the Second Workshop on Services, Platforms, Innovations and Research for New Infrastructures in Telecommunications, L\u00fcbeck, Germany."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"121","article-title":"A Survey of Indoor Positioning and Object Locating Systems","volume":"10","author":"Koyuncu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Netw. Secur."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Giaglis, G.M., Pateli, A., Fouskas, K., Kourouthanassis, P., and Tsamakos, A. (2002, January 17\u201319). On the Potential Use of Mobile Positioning Technologies in Indoor Environments. Proceedings of the 15th Bled Electronic Commerce Conference eReality: Constructing the eEconomy, Bled, Slovenia."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mehta, P., Kant, P., Shah, P., and Roy, A.K. (2011, January 16\u201317). VI-Navi: A Novel Indoor Navigation System for Visually Impaired People. Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies, Vienna, Austria.","DOI":"10.1145\/2023607.2023669"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1109\/SURV.2009.090103","article-title":"A Survey of Indoor Positioning Systems for Wireless Personal Networks","volume":"11","author":"Gu","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.3846\/1392-1541.2009.35.18-22","article-title":"Overview of Current Indoor Positioning Systems","volume":"35","author":"Mautz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geodesy Cartogr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozdenizci, B., Ok, K., Coskun, V., and Aydin, M.N. (2011, January 25\u201317). Development of an Indoor Navigation System Using NFC Technology. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Information and Computing, Phuket Island, Thailand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICIC.2011.53"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2259","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0935-5","article-title":"A Survey on Near Field Communication (NFC) Technology","volume":"71","author":"Coskun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCC.2007.905750","article-title":"Survey of Wireless Indoor Positioning Techniques and Systems","volume":"37","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Part. C Appl. Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1109\/35.667413","article-title":"Positioning GSM Telephones","volume":"36","author":"Drane","year":"1998","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Mag."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"36","article-title":"Indoor Navigation of Emergency Agents","volume":"5","author":"Renaudin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. J. Navig."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlZuhair, M.S., Najjar, A.B., and Kanjo, E. (2014, January 14\u201318). NFC Based Applications for Visually Impaired People\u2014A Review. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Multimedia and Expo Workshops, Chengdu, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICMEW.2014.6890657"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Jin, G., Lu, X., and Park, M. (2006, January 5\u20137). An Indoor Localization Mechanism Using Active RFID Tag. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Sensor Networks, Ubiquitous, and Trustworthy Computing, Taichung, Taiwan."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Ni, L.M., Liu, Y., Lau, Y.C., and Patil, A.P. (2003, January 23\u201326). LANDMARC: Indoor Location Sensing Using Active RFID. Proceedings of the First IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications, Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ivanov, R. (2010, January 17\u201318). Indoor Navigation System for Visually Impaired. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies, Sofia, Bulgaria.","DOI":"10.1145\/1839379.1839405"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"NFC Forum, What Is NFC. Available online:http:\/\/nfc-forum.org\/what-is-nfc\/."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coskun, V., Ok, K., and Ozdenizci, B. (2012). Near Field Communication (NFC): From Theory to Practice, John Wiley and Sons. [1st ed.].","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119965794"},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"NFC Forum NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF), Technical Specification. Available online:http:\/\/members.nfc-forum.org\/specs\/spec_list\/."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"IHS Technology NFC-Enabled Cellphone Shipments to Soar Fourfold in Next Five Years. Available online:http:\/\/press.ihs.com\/press-release\/design-supply-chain\/nfc-enabled-cellphone-shipments-soar-fourfold-next-five-years."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1007\/s11277-012-0556-z","article-title":"NFC Loyal for Enhancing Loyalty Services through Near Field Communication","volume":"68","author":"Ozdenizci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wirel. Pers. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ok, K., Coskun, V., Aydin, M.N., and Ozdenizci, B. (2010, January 2\u20134). Current Benefits and Future Directions of NFC Services. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Education and Management Technology, Cairo, Egypt.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEMT.2010.5657642"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6334","DOI":"10.3390\/s130506334","article-title":"A Ubiquitous NFC Solution for the Development of Tailored Marketing Strategies Based on Discount Vouchers and Loyalty Cards","volume":"13","author":"Garrido","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13389","DOI":"10.3390\/s140813389","article-title":"MobiPag: Integrated Mobile Payment, Ticketing and Couponing Solution Based on NFC","volume":"14","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Heywood, I., Cornelius, S., and Carver, S. (2006). An Introduction to Geographical Information Systems, Prentice Hall. [3rd ed.]."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/4\/7571\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:44:04Z","timestamp":1760215444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/4\/7571"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s150407571"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150407571","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,27]]}}}