{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,19]],"date-time":"2025-10-19T15:50:01Z","timestamp":1760889001286,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]],"date-time":"2015-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1427760000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Chinese National Natural Science Foundation","award":["41001214"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41001214"]}]},{"name":"High Resolution Earth Observation Systems of National Science and Technology Major Projects","award":["05-Y30B02-9001-13\/15-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["05-Y30B02-9001-13\/15-03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multi-digital camera systems (MDCS) are constantly being improved to meet the increasing requirement of high-resolution spatial data. This study identifies the insufficiencies of traditional MDCSs and proposes a new category MDCS based on  tilt-shift photography to improve ability of the MDCS to acquire high-accuracy spatial data. A prototype system, including two or four tilt-shift cameras (TSC, camera model: Nikon D90), is developed to validate the feasibility and correctness of proposed MDCS. Similar to the cameras of traditional MDCSs, calibration is also essential for TSC of new MDCS. The study constructs indoor control fields and proposes appropriate calibration methods for TSC, including digital distortion model (DDM) approach and two-step calibrated strategy. The characteristics of TSC are analyzed in detail via a calibration experiment; for example, the edge distortion of TSC. Finally, the ability of the new MDCS to acquire high-accuracy spatial data is verified through flight experiments. The results of flight experiments illustrate that geo-position accuracy of prototype system achieves 0.3 m at a flight height of 800 m, and spatial resolution of 0.15 m. In addition, results of the comparison between the traditional (MADC II) and proposed MDCS demonstrate that the latter (0.3 m) provides spatial data with higher accuracy than the former (only 0.6 m) under the same conditions. We also take the attitude that using higher accuracy TSC in the new MDCS should further improve the accuracy of the photogrammetry senior product.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150407823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T03:47:46Z","timestamp":1428378466000},"page":"7823-7843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["A Novel Multi-Digital Camera System Based on Tilt-Shift Photography Technology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Technology in Geo-spatial Information Processing and Application System, Institute of Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun-yong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Geo-informatics, Institute of Remote Sensing and  Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Geo-informatics, Institute of Remote Sensing and  Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Engineering Research Center for Geo-informatics, Institute of Remote Sensing and  Digital Earth, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qing-xi","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Institute of Remote Sensing and Digital Earth Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Zhang, W., Fang, J., Wei, Z., Zhang, B., Zheng, L.F., and Tong, Q.X. (2007, January 15\u201317). Realization of image smears compensation for multi-mode airborne digital camera system. Proceedings of International Symposium on Multispectral Image Processing and Pattern Recognition (MIPPR), Bellingham, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.749803"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Li, J., Liu, X.L., Liu, F.D., Liu, Z.J., and Zhao, L.P. (2008). Collection of Thesis of the 21th International Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, ISPRS."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Fritsch, D., and Spiller, R. (2001). Photogrammetric Week\u201901, Wichmann Verlag."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2007.11881.x","article-title":"ULTRACAM: An ultrafast, triple-beam CCD camera for high-speed astrophysics","volume":"378","author":"Dhillon","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Junyong, F., Qingting, L., Xue, L., Ziwei, L., and Qingxi, T. (2008, January 10\u201314). Applications of Multi-mode Airborne Digital Camera System in Wenchuan Earthquake and Qingdao Alage Disaster Monitoring. Proceedings of the 29th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing, Beijing, China."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/02827580701262964","article-title":"Aerial photo-interpretation using Z\/I DMC images for estimation of forest variables","volume":"22","author":"Magnusson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2966.2004.07960.x","article-title":"Multicolour high-speed photometry of pulsating subdwarf B stars with ULTRACAM","volume":"352","author":"Jeffery","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.75.2.201","article-title":"A robust approach for repairing color composite DMC images","volume":"75","author":"Pan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/14004080500486955","article-title":"Tree species discrimination using Z\/I DMC imagery and template matching of single trees","volume":"21","author":"Olofsson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Scand. J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.74.12.1487","article-title":"Radiometric calibration and characterization of large-format digital photogrammetric sensors in a test field","volume":"74","author":"Markelin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"104","article-title":"Mosaic model of SWDC-4 large format aerial digital camera and accuracy analysis of stereo mapping","volume":"33","author":"Li","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., Jiao, Q., Fang, J., Zhang, B., Zheng, L., and Tong, Q. (2007, January 12\u201314). Study on multispectral mode of multi-mode airborne digital camera system. Proceedings of the Advanced Sensor Systems and Applications III, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.756677"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"74","article-title":"DMC\u2014Photogrammetric accuracy\u2013calibration aspects and generation of synthetic DMC images","volume":"1","author":"Jacobsen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Optical"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"324","article-title":"Geometric calibration of the DMC: Method and Results","volume":"34","author":"Zeitler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Sp. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.78.10.1069","article-title":"A flexible mathematical method for camera calibration in digital aerial photogrammetry","volume":"78","author":"Tang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wei, Z. (2006). Imaging Mode and Data Processing Study of Multimode Aerial Digital Camera. [Ph.D. Thesis, Institute of Remote Sensing Application, Chinese Academy of Sciences]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S1387-6473(00)00136-6","article-title":"ULTRACAM\u2014Studying astrophysics on the fastest timescales","volume":"45","author":"Dhillon","year":"2001","journal-title":"New Astron. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Ladst\u00e4dter, R., Tschemmernegg, H., and Gruber, M. (2010, January 10\u201312). Calibrating the UltraCam aerial camera systems, an update. Proceedings of International Calibration and Orientation Workshop EuroCOW, Castelldefels, Spain."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XXXIX-B1-577-2012","article-title":"Misalignment Calibration of Ultracam D and XP","volume":"1","author":"Malihi","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISPRS-Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Sp. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.77.6.589","article-title":"Comparison of DMC, UltraCam, and ADS40 Imagery for Benthic Habitat and Propeller Scar Mapping","volume":"77","author":"Kass","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1159\/000267061","article-title":"Imaging characteristics of three cameras using the Scheimpflug principle","volume":"22","author":"Kojima","year":"1990","journal-title":"Ophthalmic Res."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Focusing the Tile-Shift Lens. Available online:http:\/\/www.luminous-landscape.com\/tutorials\/focusing-ts.shtml."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Tilt-Shift Photography. Available online:http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tilt\u2013shift_photography."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Held, R.T., Cooper, E.A., O\u2019Brien, J.F., and Banks, M.S. (2010). Using Blur to affect perceived distance and size. ACM Trans. Graph., 29.","DOI":"10.1145\/1731047.1731057"},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"How Do Tilt Shift Lenses Work. Available online:http:\/\/cow.mooh.org\/projects\/tiltshift\/howdoesitwork.html."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"98","article-title":"Making molehills from mountains: The tilt shift effect","volume":"68","author":"Nalder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Screen Educ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kingslake, R. (1992). Optics in Photography, SPIE Optical Engineering Press.","DOI":"10.1117\/3.43160"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stroebel, L. (1999). View Camera Technique, CRC Press. [7th ed.].","DOI":"10.4324\/9780080573403"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"41","article-title":"Setting up the View Camera","volume":"1","author":"Bond","year":"1998","journal-title":"Photo Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Feng, W.H. (2002). Close Range Photogrammetry, Wuhan University Press."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Product introduction of Beijing Optical Century Instrument. Available online:http:\/\/www.bgyq.net\/products.php."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"99","article-title":"A Digital Distortion Model for all Kinds of Imaging Systems","volume":"31","author":"Feng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Geom. Inf. Sci. Wuhan Univ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1552","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2008.202","article-title":"Calibration of cameras with radially symmetric distortion","volume":"31","author":"Tardif","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"194","article-title":"Establishment of Quasi 2D control field for computer vision measurement","volume":"33","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. Surv. Mapp."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"84","article-title":"Design of Quasi 2D Control Field","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Geospat. Inf."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartley, R., and Zisserman, A. (2004). Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision, Cambridge University Press. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811685"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/83.988953","article-title":"Extension of phase correlation to subpixel registration","volume":"11","author":"Foroosh","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1010.2012.00355","article-title":"Automatic relative radiometric normalization method based on SIFT feature matching","volume":"31","author":"Tao","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infrared Millim. Waves"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.75.1.87","article-title":"DEM Generation Using a Digital Large Format Frame Camera","volume":"75","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Introduction of PixelGrid. Available online:http:\/\/www.bjsiwei.net.cn\/news\/2013829\/n3278201382916182.html."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/4\/7823\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:44:10Z","timestamp":1760215450000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/4\/7823"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s150407823"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150407823","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,31]]}}}