{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:27:29Z","timestamp":1760369249320,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]],"date-time":"2015-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428019200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the recent improvements of automatic measurement procedures in photogrammetry, multi-view 3D reconstruction technologies are becoming a favourite survey tool. Rapidly widening structure-from-motion (SfM) software packages offer significantly easier image processing workflows than traditional photogrammetry packages. However, while most orientation and surface reconstruction strategies will almost always succeed in any given task, estimating the quality of the result is, to some extent, still an open issue. An assessment of the precision and reliability of block orientation is necessary and should be included in every processing pipeline. Such a need was clearly felt from the results of close-range photogrammetric surveys of in situ full-scale and laboratory-scale experiments. In order to study the impact of the block control and the camera network design on the block orientation accuracy, a series of Monte Carlo simulations was performed. Two image block configurations were investigated: a single pseudo-normal strip and a circular highly-convergent block. The influence of surveying and data processing choices, such as the number and accuracy of the ground control points, autofocus and camera calibration was investigated. The research highlights the most significant aspects and processes to be taken into account for adequate in situ and laboratory surveys, when modern SfM software packages are used, and evaluates their effect on the quality of the results of the surface reconstruction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150407985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,7]],"date-time":"2015-04-07T03:47:46Z","timestamp":1428378466000},"page":"7985-8008","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Network Design and Quality Checks in Automatic Orientation of Close-Range Photogrammetric Blocks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Elisa","family":"Dall'Asta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, Land Management Engineering and Architecture,  University of Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze, 181\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Thoeni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geotechnical and Materials Modelling, The University of Newcastle, 2308 Callaghan, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Santise","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, Land Management Engineering and Architecture,  University of Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze, 181\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5222-7173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gianfranco","family":"Forlani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, Land Management Engineering and Architecture,  University of Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze, 181\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Giacomini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Geotechnical and Materials Modelling, The University of Newcastle, 2308 Callaghan, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7531-638X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Riccardo","family":"Roncella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil, Environmental, Land Management Engineering and Architecture,  University of Parma, via Parco Area delle Scienze, 181\/a, 43124 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hartley, R., and Zisserman, A. (2003). Multiple View Geometry in Computer Vision, Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511811685"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szeliski, R. (2010). Computer Vision: Algorithms and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-84882-935-0"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Barazzetti, L., Roncella, R., Forlani, G., Remondino, F., and Scaioni, M. (2011, January 10\u201311). Orientamento Automatico di Blocchi Fotogrammetrici in Ambito Close-range: Stato dell\u2019arte e Prospettive Della Ricerca. Proceedings of Geomatica: Le Radici del Futuro, Pavia, Italy."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Frahm, J., Georgel, P., Gallup, D., Johnson, T., Raguram, R., Wu, C., Jen, Y., Dunn, E., Clipp, B., Lazebnik, S., and Pollefeys, M. (2010). Computer Vision\u2013ECCV 2010, Springer."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7469","DOI":"10.3390\/s100807469","article-title":"Development and implementation of image-based algorithms for measurement of deformations in material testing","volume":"10","author":"Barazzetti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-5-573-2014","article-title":"A Comparison of Multi-view 3D Reconstruction of a Rock Wall using Several Cameras and a Laser Scanner","volume":"45","author":"Thoeni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2014.04.012","article-title":"Semi-automatic mapping of geological Structures using UAV-based photogrammetric data: An image analysis approach","volume":"69","author":"Vasuki","year":"2014","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.3609","article-title":"Mitigating systematic error in topographic models derived from UAV and ground-based image networks","volume":"39","author":"James","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Proc. Landf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cageo.2011.09.012","article-title":"Multiview 3D reconstruction in geosciences","volume":"44","author":"Favalli","year":"2012","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2012.08.021","article-title":"\u201cStructure-from-Motion\u201d photogrammetry: A low-cost, effective tool for geoscience applications","volume":"179","author":"Westoby","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5785","DOI":"10.3390\/s140405785","article-title":"Minimal Camera Networks for 3D Image Based Modeling of Cultural Heritage Objects","volume":"14","author":"Alsadik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snavely, N., Garg, R., Seitz, S.M., and Szeliski, R. (2008). Finding paths through the world\u2019s photos. ACM Trans. Graphic., 27.","DOI":"10.1145\/1399504.1360614"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.79.4.381","article-title":"Automatic camera calibration in close range photogrammetry","volume":"79","author":"Fraser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"466","article-title":"Advanced Methods and Applications","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Kraus","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogrammetry"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"339","article-title":"Automated Target-Free Network Orientation and Camera Calibration","volume":"1","author":"Stamatopoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.2005.188","article-title":"A performance evaluation of local descriptors","volume":"27","author":"Mikolajczyk","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Fraser, C.S. (1996). Close Range Photogrammetry and Machine Vision, Whittles Publishing."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Giacomini, A., and Thoeni, K. Available online: http:\/\/www.acarp.com.au\/abstracts.aspx?repId=C21032."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Eos System PhotoModeler. Available online: http:\/\/www.photomodeler.com\/."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Agisoft PhotoScan. Available online: http:\/\/www.agisoft.com."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"187","article-title":"A comparison of semiglobal and local dense matching algorithms for surface reconstruction","volume":"40","author":"Roncella","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"12","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of DTM Area-based Matching Reconstruction of Moon and Mars","volume":"Volume 8537","author":"Re","year":"2012","journal-title":"SPIE Remote Sensing"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02521070","article-title":"Extended Free Net Adjustment Constraint","volume":"59","author":"Papo","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bull. G\u00e9od."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Heinrich, E., Christian, H., and Konrad, E. (1994, January 5\u20139). Experiences of combined block adjustment with GPS data. Proceedings of SPIE, ISPRS Commission III Symposium: Spatial Information from Digital Photogrammetry and Computer Vision, Munich, Germany."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12037","article-title":"Bundle adjustment with and without damping","volume":"28","author":"Grussenmeyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photogramm. Rec."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsannals-II-5-89-2014","article-title":"Camera Calibration using the Damped Bundle Adjustment Toolbox","volume":"II-5","author":"Grussenmeyer","year":"2014","journal-title":"ISPRS Ann. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"266","article-title":"Digital camera calibration methods: Considerations and comparisons","volume":"36","author":"Remondino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Blender. Available online: http:\/\/www.blender.org\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/4\/7985\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:44:21Z","timestamp":1760215461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/4\/7985"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s150407985"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150407985","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,3]]}}}