{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T07:52:45Z","timestamp":1768722765237,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]],"date-time":"2015-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1428451200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["50905135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["50905135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51275381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51275381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Planning Project of Shaanxi Province, China","award":["2012GY2-37"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012GY2-37"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201406280050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201406280050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>On-line images of wear debris contain important information for real-time condition monitoring, and a dynamic imaging technique can eliminate particle overlaps commonly found in static images, for instance, acquired using ferrography. However, dynamic wear debris images captured in a running machine are unavoidably blurred because the particles in lubricant are in motion. Hence, it is difficult to acquire reliable images of wear debris with an adequate resolution for particle feature extraction. In order to obtain sharp wear particle images, an image processing approach is proposed. Blurred particles were firstly separated from the static background by utilizing a background subtraction method. Second, the point spread function was estimated using power cepstrum to determine the blur direction and length. Then, the Wiener filter algorithm was adopted to perform image restoration to improve the image quality. Finally, experiments were conducted with a large number of dynamic particle images to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method and the performance of the approach was also evaluated. This study provides a new practical approach to acquire clear images for on-line wear monitoring.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150408173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]],"date-time":"2015-04-08T11:23:46Z","timestamp":1428492226000},"page":"8173-8191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Motion-Blurred Particle Image Restoration for On-Line  Wear Monitoring"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yeping","family":"Peng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System,  Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"},{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}]},{"given":"Tonghai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System,  Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System,  Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China"}]},{"given":"Ngaiming","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}]},{"given":"Zhongxiao","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.3390\/s90200814","article-title":"A fast level set method for synthetic aperture radar ocean image segmentation","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6712","DOI":"10.3390\/s120506712","article-title":"Blurred star image processing for star sensors under dynamic conditions","volume":"12","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5785","DOI":"10.3390\/s140405785","article-title":"Minimal camera networks for 3d image based modeling of cultural heritage objects","volume":"14","author":"Alsadik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5448","DOI":"10.3390\/s130505448","article-title":"The development of sun-tracking system using image processing","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3627","DOI":"10.3390\/s120303627","article-title":"Scattering removal for finger-vein image restoration","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2005.03.013","article-title":"Wear particle analysis\u2014Utilization of quantitative computer image analysis: A review","volume":"38","author":"Raadnui","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tribol. 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