{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,25]],"date-time":"2025-10-25T14:15:33Z","timestamp":1761401733084,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]],"date-time":"2015-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429228800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevention of accidents is one of the most important goals of ad hoc networks in smart cities. When an accident happens, dynamic sensors (e.g., citizens with smart phones or tablets, smart vehicles and buses, etc.) could shoot a video clip of the accident and send it through the ad hoc network. With a video message, the level of seriousness of the accident could be much better evaluated by the authorities (e.g., health care units, police and ambulance drivers) rather than with just a simple text message. Besides, other citizens would be rapidly aware of the incident. In this way, smart dynamic sensors could participate in reporting a situation in the city using the ad hoc network so it would be possible to have a quick reaction warning citizens and emergency units. The deployment of an efficient routing protocol to manage video-warning messages in mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) has important benefits by allowing a fast warning of the incident, which potentially can save lives. To contribute with this goal, we propose a multipath routing protocol to provide video-warning messages in MANETs using a novel game-theoretical approach. As a base for our work, we start from our previous work, where a 2-players game-theoretical routing protocol was proposed to provide video-streaming services over MANETs. In this article, we further generalize the analysis made for a general number of N players in the MANET. Simulations have been carried out to show the benefits of our proposal, taking into account the mobility of the nodes and the presence of interfering traffic. Finally, we also have tested our approach in a vehicular ad hoc network as an incipient start point to develop a novel proposal specifically designed for VANETs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150409039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]],"date-time":"2015-04-17T11:09:30Z","timestamp":1429268970000},"page":"9039-9077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Multi-User Game-Theoretical Multipath Routing Protocol to Send Video-Warning Messages over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Mezher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Network Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC),C. Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Igartua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Network Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC),C. Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"De la Cruz Llopis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Network Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC),C. Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteve","family":"Segarra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Network Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC),C. Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4811-0247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Tripp-Barba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Computer Science, Aut\u00f3nomous University of Sinaloa, Maz\u00e1tlan 82107, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6405-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Urquiza-Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Network Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC),C. Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8401-3292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Forn\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Network Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC),C. Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emilio","family":"Gargallo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Network Engineering, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC),C. Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona 08034, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boukerche, A. (2008). Algorithms and Protocols for Wireless, Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Wiley-IEEE Press.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470396384"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Lao, L., and Cui, J.H. (2005, January 22\u201324). Reducing multicast traffic load for cellular networks using ad hoc networks. Orlando, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2985","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2011.06.007","article-title":"A game-theoretical multipath routing for video-streaming services over mobile Ad Hoc networks","volume":"55","author":"Aguilar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Comput. Netw."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1109\/JSAC.2004.842560","article-title":"QoS-Aware Routing Based on Bandwidth Estimation for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"23","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quddus, G., Khan, R., Iqbal, R., and Ahmed, W. (2006, January 16\u201318). Finding a stable route through AODV by using route fragility coefficient as metric. Slicon Valley, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICNS.2006.52"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ieri.2012.06.101","article-title":"Improved the Energy of Ad Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing Protocol","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IERI Procedia"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"215","article-title":"An Improved Routing Protocol (AODV nthBR) for Efficient Routing in MANETs","volume":"2","author":"Rao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Comput. Netw. Inform."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2806","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2005.10.032","article-title":"Incorporating trust and reputation in the DSR protocol for dependable routing","volume":"29","author":"Pirzada","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sjaugi, M.F., Othman, M., and Rasid, M. (2008, January 23\u201325). A New Route Maintenance Strategy for Dynamic Source Routing Protocol. Busan, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICOIN.2008.4472787"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ins.2014.09.039","article-title":"Ant colony optimization based enhanced dynamic source routing algorithm for mobile Ad-hoc network","volume":"295","author":"Shubhajeet","year":"2015","journal-title":"Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"90","article-title":"Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector Routing","volume":"25","author":"Perkins","year":"1999","journal-title":"2nd IEEE Workshop Mob. Comput. Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"RFC 4728, The Dynamic Source Routing Protocol (DSR) for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks for IPv4. Available online: http:\/\/www.ietf.org\/rfc\/rfc4728.txt."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tran, A., and Raghavendra, H. (2005, January 13\u201317). Routing with congestion awareness and adaptivity in mobile ad hoc networks. New Orleans, LA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/TPDS.2006.151"},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Mbarushimana, C., and Shahrabi, A. Congestion avoidance routing protocol for QoS-Aware MANETs."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Al-Tarazi, M. (2009). Load Balancing Using Multiple Paths in Mobile Ad Hoc networks. [Ph.D. Thesis, Jordan University of Science and Technology]."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Ahn, C., Chung, S., Kim, T., and Kang, S. (2012, January 26\u201329). A node-disjoint multipath routing protocol based on AODV in mobile ad hoc networks. Fukuoka, Japan."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2013.12.015","article-title":"Fibonacci sequence based multipath load balancing apprach for mobile ad hoc Networks","volume":"16","author":"Tashtoush","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Mao, S., Hou, Y. T., Cheng, X., Sherali, H. D., and Midkiff, S. F. (2005, January 13\u201317). Multipath routing for multiple description video in wireless ad hoc networks. Miami, FL, USA."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.image.2005.05.005","article-title":"Congestion-distortion optimized video transmission over ad hoc networks","volume":"20","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Signal Process. Image Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comcom.2010.06.019","article-title":"Self-configured multipath routing using path lifetime for video-streaming services over ad hoc networks","volume":"33","author":"Aguilar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Comput. Commun."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-09581-3_16","article-title":"Intelligent Multipath Optimized Link State Routing Protocol for QoS and QoE Enhancement of Video Transmission in MANETs","volume":"8593","author":"Boushaba","year":"2014","journal-title":"Netw. Syst. Lect. Notes Comput. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11276-014-0774-2","article-title":"Bandwidth-aware routing and admission control for efficient video streaming over MANETs","volume":"21","author":"Lal","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel Netw."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2011.151","article-title":"Game-Theoretic Analysis of Cooperation Incentive Strategies in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2013.022113.120282","article-title":"A Game-Theoretic Approach to Stimulate Cooperation for Probabilistic Routing in Opportunistic Networks","volume":"12","author":"Wu","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naserian, M., and Tepe, K. (2014, January 18\u201321). Dynamic Probabilistic Forwarding in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks Based on Game Theory. Seoul, Korea.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCSpring.2014.7022895"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coucheney, P., Gaujal, B., and Touati, C. (2010, January 26\u201330). Self-optimizing Routing in MANETs with Multi-class Flows. Stanbul, Turkey.","DOI":"10.1109\/PIMRC.2010.5671812"},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"709","article-title":"Optimal Forwarding Games in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks with Two-Hop f-cast Relay","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"IEEE 802.11e Standard with Quality of Service Enhancenments. Available online: http:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/getieee802\/download\/802.11e-2005.pdf."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"RFC 3550, RTP: A Transport Protocol for Real-Time Applications. Available online: http:\/\/www.ietf.org\/rfc\/rfc3550.txt."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Loscri, V., de Rango, F., and Marano, S. (2004, January 20\u201322). Performance evaluation of ondemand multipath distance vector routing protocol over two MAC layers in mobile ad hoc networks. Mauritius."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2008.07.003","article-title":"Game theoretic approach in routing protocols for wireless ad hoc networks","volume":"7","author":"Nasarien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Elsevier Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.2307\/1969529","article-title":"Non-cooperative games","volume":"54","author":"Nash","year":"1951","journal-title":"Ann. Math."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Dutta, P.K. (2001). Strategies and Games: Theory and Practice, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Osborne, M.J., and Rubinstein, A. (1994). A Course in Game Theory, MIT Press."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"The Network Simulator, ns-2. Available online: http:\/\/nsnam.isi.edu\/nsnam\/."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"BonnMotion A Mobility Scenario Generation and Analysis Tool. Available online: http:\/\/web.informatik.uni-bonn.de\/IV\/Mitarbeiter\/dewaal\/BonnMotion\/."},{"key":"ref_37","unstructured":"Traffic Accidents. Available online: http:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YcxxOEen48M."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fogue, M., Garrido, P., Martinez, F.J., Cano, J.C., Calafate, C.T., and Manzoni, P. (2012, January 19\u201323). A Realistic Simulation Framework for Vehicular Networks. Desenzano, Italy.","DOI":"10.4108\/icst.simutools.2012.247682"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"128","article-title":"Recent Development and Applications of SUMO\u2014Simulation of Urban Mobility","volume":"5","author":"Krajzewicz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Adv. Syst. Meas."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Open Street Maps. Available online: http:\/\/www.openstreetmap.org\/."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2199","DOI":"10.3390\/s140202199","article-title":"Map-Aware Routing Protocol for VANETs in Urban Areas","volume":"14","author":"Igartua","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tripp-Barba, C., Mezher, A.M., Igartua, M.A., Gu\u00e9rin-Lassous, I., and Sarr, C. (2012, January 3\u20136). Available Bandwidth-aware Routing in Urban Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks. Quebec City, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/VTCFall.2012.6398886"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"ITU-T Recommendation P.800 (1996). Available online: http:\/\/www.itu.int\/rec\/T-REC-P.800-199608-I\/en."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/4\/9039\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:44:55Z","timestamp":1760215495000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/4\/9039"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4]]}},"alternative-id":["s150409039"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150409039","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,17]]}}}