{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:17:25Z","timestamp":1773839845336,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]],"date-time":"2015-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1429747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, angular displacement and angular velocity sensors based on coplanar waveguide (CPW) transmission lines and S-shaped split ring resonators (S-SRRs) are presented. The sensor consists of two parts, namely a CPW and an S-SRR, both lying on parallel planes. By this means, line-to-resonator magnetic coupling arises, the coupling level being dependent on the line-to-resonator relative angular orientation. The line-to-resonator coupling level is the key parameter responsible for modulating the amplitude of the frequency response seen between the CPW ports in the vicinity of the S-SRR fundamental resonance frequency. Specifically, an amplitude notch that can be visualized in the transmission coefficient is changed by the coupling strength, and it is characterized as the sensing variable. Thus, the relative angular orientation between the two parts is measured, when the S-SRR is attached to a rotating object. It follows that the rotation angle and speed can be inferred either by measuring the frequency response of the S-SRR-loaded line, or the response amplitude at a fixed frequency in the vicinity of resonance. It is in addition shown that the angular velocity can be accurately determined from the time-domain response of a carrier time-harmonic signal tuned at the S-SRR resonance frequency. The main advantage of the proposed device is its small size directly related to the small electrical size of the S-SRR, which allows for the design of compact angular displacement and velocity sensors at low frequencies. Despite the small size of the fabricated proof-of-concept prototype (electrically small structures do not usually reject signals efficiently), it exhibits good linearity (on a logarithmic scale), sensitivity and dynamic range.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150509628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]],"date-time":"2015-04-23T11:40:29Z","timestamp":1429789229000},"page":"9628-9650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":127,"title":["Angular Displacement and Velocity Sensors Based on  Coplanar Waveguides (CPWs) Loaded with  S-Shaped Split Ring Resonators (S-SRR)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jordi","family":"Naqui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d'Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona,  08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Coromina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d'Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona,  08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Karami-Horestani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia"}]},{"given":"Christophe","family":"Fumeaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia"}]},{"given":"Ferran","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIMITEC, Departament d'Enginyeria Electr\u00f2nica, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona,  08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marqu\u00e9s, R., Mart\u00edn, F., and Sorolla, M. (2007). Metamaterials with Negative Parameters: Theory, Design and Microwave Applications, John Wiley.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470191736"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1109\/JPROC.2011.2114870","article-title":"Recent advances in metamaterial transmission lines based on split rings","volume":"99","author":"Selga","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Proc."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2003.819964","article-title":"Miniaturized CPW stop band filters based on multiple tuned split ring resonators","volume":"13","author":"Falcone","year":"2003","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wireless Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1997","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2005.848828","article-title":"Microwave filters with improved stop band based on sub-wavelength resonators","volume":"53","author":"Amat","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2009.2012402","article-title":"Dual-frequency printed dipole loaded with split ring resonators","volume":"8","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2011.2181309","article-title":"Multiband printed monopole antennas loaded with open complementary split ring resonators for PANs and WLANs","volume":"10","author":"Zamora","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1002\/mop.26728","article-title":"Dual-band printed dipole antenna loaded with open complementary split-ring resonators (OCSRRs) for wireless applications","volume":"54","author":"Paredes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microw. Opt. Technol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3023","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2012.2209675","article-title":"Common mode suppression in microstrip differential lines by means of complementary split ring resonators: Theory and applications","volume":"60","author":"Naqui","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2009.2017323","article-title":"Multiresonator-based chipless RFID system for low-cost item tracking","volume":"57","author":"Preradovic","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mandel, C., Kubina, B., Sch\u00fc\u00dfler, M., and Jakoby, R. (2011, January 10\u201313). Passive chipless wireless sensor for two-dimensional displacement measurement. Proceedings of the 41st European Microwave Conference, Manchester, UK."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Puentes, M., Weiss, C., Sch\u00fc\u00dfler, M., and Jakoby, R. (2011, January 5\u201310). Sensor array based on split ring resonators for analysis of organic tissues. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, Baltimore, MD, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2011.5972633"},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Puentes, M. (2014). Planar Metamaterial Based Microwave Sensor Arrays for Biomedical Analysis and Treatment, Springer Science & Business Media."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.3390\/s120302742","article-title":"Metamaterials application in sensing","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2012.2203450","article-title":"Material characterization using complementary split-ring resonators","volume":"61","author":"Boybay","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2014.2300066","article-title":"Novel microwave microfluidic sensor using a microstrip split-ring resonator","volume":"62","author":"Abduljabar","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2295312","article-title":"High-sensitivity metamaterial-inspired sensor for microfluidic dielectric characterization","volume":"14","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2609","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2014.2313625","article-title":"Metamaterial-inspired rotation sensor with wide dynamic range","volume":"14","author":"Ebrahimi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"Contactless Measurement of Angular Velocity Using Circularly Polarized Antennas","volume":"PP","author":"Sipal","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webster, J.G. (1999). The Measurement Instrumentation and Sensors Handbook, CRC.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781003040019"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damm, C., Schussler, M., Puentes, M., Maune, H., Maasch, M., and Jakoby, R. (2009, January 25\u201328). Artificial transmission lines for high sensitive microwave sensors. Proceedings of the IEEE Sensors Conference, Christchurch, New Zealand.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSENS.2009.5398538"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7545","DOI":"10.3390\/s110807545","article-title":"Novel sensors based on the symmetry properties of split ring resonators (SRRs)","volume":"11","author":"Naqui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11790","DOI":"10.3390\/s120911790","article-title":"Alignment and position sensors based on split ring resonators","volume":"12","author":"Naqui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naqui, J., Dur\u00e1n-Sindreu, M., and Mart\u00edn, F. (2012, January 17\u201322). On the symmetry properties of coplanar waveguides loaded with symmetric resonators: analysis and potential applications. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Montreal, QC, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2012.6258390"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2012.2231065","article-title":"Displacement sensor based on diamond-shaped tapered split ring resonator","volume":"13","author":"Horestani","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3014","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2264804","article-title":"Rotation sensor based on horn-shaped split ring resonator","volume":"13","author":"Horestani","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naqui, J., Dur\u00e1n-Sindreu, M., and Mart\u00edn, F. (2013, January 2\u20137). Transmission Lines Loaded with Bisymmetric Resonators and Applications. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Seattle, WA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2013.6697368"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4700","DOI":"10.1109\/TMTT.2013.2285356","article-title":"Transmission lines loaded with bisymmetric resonators and their application to angular displacement and velocity sensors","volume":"61","author":"Naqui","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2295518","article-title":"Angular displacement and velocity sensors based on electric-LC (ELC) loaded microstrip lines","volume":"14","author":"Naqui","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1049\/el.2014.0572","article-title":"Two-dimensional displacement and alignment sensor based on reflection coefficients of open microstrip lines loaded with split ring resonators","volume":"50","author":"Horestani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Electron. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2014.01.030","article-title":"Two-Dimensional Alignment and Displacement Sensor based on Movable Broadside-Coupled Split Ring Resonators","volume":"210","author":"Horestani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naqui, J., Damm, C., Wiens, A., Jakoby, R., Su, L., and Mart\u00edn, F. (2014, January 1\u20136). Transmission lines loaded with pairs of magnetically coupled stepped impedance resonators (SIRs): Modeling and application to microwave sensors. Proceedings of the IEEE MTT-S IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium, Tampa, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/MWSYM.2014.6848494"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"057605","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.70.057605","article-title":"Left-handed materials composed of only S-shaped resonators","volume":"70","author":"Chen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. E"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151909","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1897045","article-title":"Negative refraction of a combined double S-shaped metamaterial","volume":"86","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.2528\/PIER04051201","article-title":"Magnetic properties of S-shaped split ring resonators","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prog. Electromagn. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1109\/22.798002","article-title":"Magnetism from conductors and enhanced nonlinear phenomena","volume":"47","author":"Pendry","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Microw. Theory Tech."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"041109","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2166681","article-title":"Electric-field-coupled resonators for negative permittivity metamaterials","volume":"88","author":"Schurig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naqui, J., Coromina, J., Horestani, A.K., Fumeaux, C., and Mart\u00edn, F. (2014, January 12\u201314). Comparative analysis of split ring resonators (SRR), electric-LC (ELC) resonators, and S-Shaped split ring resonators (S-SRR): Potential application to rotation sensors. Proceedings of the 14th Mediterranean Microwave Symposium (MMS-2014), Marrakech, Morocco.","DOI":"10.1109\/MMS.2014.7088931"},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"144441","article-title":"Role of bi-anisotropy in negative permeability and left handed metamaterials","volume":"65","author":"Medina","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phys. Rev. B"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1109\/LAWP.2014.2337913","article-title":"Coplanar Waveguides Loaded with S-Shaped Split Ring Resonators (S-SRRs): Modeling and Application to Compact Microwave Filters","volume":"13","author":"Horestani","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Antennas Wirel. Propag. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114501","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3021109","article-title":"Characterization of miniaturized metamaterial resonators coupled to planar transmission lines through parameter extraction","volume":"104","author":"Aznar","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Pozar, D.M. (2005). Microwave Engineering, John Wiley. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2008.918881","article-title":"Controlling the Bandwidth of Split Ring Resonators","volume":"18","author":"Lin","year":"2008","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1109\/LMWC.2012.2211341","article-title":"Split Ring Resonators with Tapered Strip Width for Wider Bandwidth and Enhanced Resonance","volume":"22","author":"Horestani","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Microw. Wirel. Compon. Lett."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/5\/9628\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:45:14Z","timestamp":1760215514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/5\/9628"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,5]]}},"alternative-id":["s150509628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150509628","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,4,23]]}}}