{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T14:21:22Z","timestamp":1780064482846,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent advances in microelectronics and wireless transmission technology have led to the development of various implantable sensors for real-time monitoring of bladder conditions. Although various sensing approaches for monitoring bladder conditions were reported, most such sensors have remained at the laboratory stage due to the existence of vital drawbacks. In the present study, we explored a new concept for monitoring the bladder capacity on the basis of potentiometric principles. A prototype of a potentiometer module was designed and fabricated and integrated with a commercial wireless transmission module and power unit. A series of in vitro pig bladder experiments was conducted to determine the best design parameters for implementing the prototype potentiometric device and to prove its feasibility. We successfully implemented the potentiometric module in a pig bladder model in vitro, and the error of the accuracy of bladder volume detection was &lt;\u00b13%. Although the proposed potentiometric device was built using a commercial wireless module, the design principles and animal experience gathered from this research can serve as a basis for developing new implantable bladder sensors in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150612802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1433156128000},"page":"12802-12815","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Design and Evaluation of Potentiometric Principles for Bladder Volume Monitoring: A Preliminary Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shih-Ching","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsung-Hsun","family":"Hsieh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Neural Regenerative Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250,  Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy and Graduate Institute of Rehabilitation Science,  College of Medicine and Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, No. 259, Wenhua 1st Rd, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jia","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien-Hung","family":"Lai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Lung","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei-Feng","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9744-4094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, No. 250, Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Medical University Hospital, No. 252, Wuxing Street, Taipei 11031, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"17","article-title":"The time-frequency analysis of the pudendo-to-pudendal nerve and pelvic-to-pudendal nerve reflexes in anesthetized intact rats","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2401","article-title":"The neural control of micturition","volume":"9","author":"Fowler","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/122.7.1213","article-title":"Neurological disorders of micturition and their treatment","volume":"122","author":"Fowler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215509353252","article-title":"Rehabilitation in practice: Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction and its management","volume":"24","author":"Panicker","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1464-410X.2002.02989.x","article-title":"Sacral neuromodulation in functional urinary retention: An effective way to restore voiding","volume":"90","author":"Aboseif","year":"2002","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ucl.2010.06.007","article-title":"Neuromodulation and the neurogenic bladder","volume":"37","author":"Burks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20766","article-title":"Conditional and continuous electrical stimulation increase cystometric capacity in persons with spinal cord injury","volume":"29","author":"Horvath","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2009.06.013","article-title":"Design and evaluation of a new bladder volume monitor","volume":"90","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1109\/10.563296","article-title":"Accuracy of the conductance catheter for measurement of ventricular volumes seen clinically: Effects of electric field homogeneity and parallel conductance","volume":"44","author":"Wu","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1813","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/9\/1813","article-title":"Bladder volume estimation from electrical impedance tomography","volume":"35","author":"Schlebusch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Meas."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2006.106","article-title":"Design of a multilayer transducer for acoustic bladder volume assessment","volume":"53","author":"Merks","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.10144","article-title":"Urinary bladder volumetry by means of a single retrosymphysically implantable ultrasound unit","volume":"23","author":"Seif","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1109\/TBCAS.2013.2282087","article-title":"A dsp for sensing the bladder volume through afferent neural pathways","volume":"8","author":"Mendez","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Circuits Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2013.2266899","article-title":"Estimation of bladder volume from afferent neural activity","volume":"21","author":"Mendez","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Neural Syst. Rehabil. Eng."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.5405\/jmbe.1247","article-title":"Dual-channel neuromodulation of pudendal nerve with closed-loop control strategy to improve bladder functions","volume":"34","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Biol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02510979","article-title":"Proposed new bladder volume monitoring device based on impedance measurement","volume":"35","author":"Provost","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. Biol. Eng. Comput."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20204","article-title":"Detection of neurogenic detrusor contractions from the activity of the external anal sphincter in cat and human","volume":"25","author":"Wenzel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1002\/nau.20039","article-title":"The reproducibility of urodynamic findings in healthy female volunteers: Results of repeated studies in the same setting and after short-term follow-up","volume":"23","author":"Gupta","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurourol. Urodyn."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1097\/00042307-200307000-00002","article-title":"Evaluation of lower urinary tract symptoms in females","volume":"13","author":"Rovner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Urol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1159\/000085922","article-title":"Effect of different sized transurethral catheters on pressure-flow studies in women with lower urinary tract symptoms","volume":"75","author":"Scaldazza","year":"2005","journal-title":"Urol. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gill, B.C., Fletter, P.C., Zaszczurynski, P.J., Perlin, A., Yachia, D., and Damaser, M.S. (2006, January 4\u20136). Fluid volume conductance for determination of bladder volume. Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE-EMBS International Summer School and Symposium on Medical Devices and Biosensors, Cambridge, MA, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ISSMDBS.2006.360112"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5081","DOI":"10.3390\/s8085081","article-title":"A polypyrrole-based strain sensor dedicated to measure bladder volume in patients with urinary dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Rajagopalan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2010.12.006","article-title":"Real-time bladder volume monitoring by the application of a new implantable bladder volume sensor for a small animal model","volume":"27","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10544-008-9232-1","article-title":"Development of a fully implantable wireless pressure monitoring system","volume":"11","author":"Tan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biomed. Microdevices"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W.S., Kim, A., Ziaie, B., Raghunathan, V., and Powell, C.R. (2014, January 22\u201324). Up-Link: An ultra-low power implantable wireless system for long-term ambulatory urodynamics. Proceedings of the Biomed. Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), Lausanne, Switzerland.","DOI":"10.1109\/BioCAS.2014.6981743"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2010.2085002","article-title":"Low-Power wireless micromanometer system for acute and chronic bladder-pressure monitoring","volume":"58","author":"Majerus","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2209","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2014.2318023","article-title":"An implantable pressure sensing system with electromechanical interrogation scheme","volume":"61","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1163\/156856206775997287","article-title":"Hydrophilic interpenetrating polymer networks of poly(dimethyl siloxane) (pdms) as biomaterial for cochlear implants","volume":"17","author":"Abbasi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Ed."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2007.11.004","article-title":"Foreign body reaction to biomaterials","volume":"20","author":"Anderson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00038.2003","article-title":"Urinary bladder contraction and relaxation: Physiology and pathophysiology","volume":"84","author":"Andersson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1080\/003655999750042088","article-title":"In vitro responses of detrusor smooth muscle to stretch and relaxation","volume":"201","author":"Finkbeiner","year":"1999","journal-title":"Scand. J. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(21)00501-2","article-title":"Anatomy and physiology of the lower urinary tract","volume":"20","year":"1993","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. N. Am."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/6\/12802\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:16Z","timestamp":1760215636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/6\/12802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s150612802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150612802","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}}}