{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T01:00:59Z","timestamp":1777424459097,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433116800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperspectral imaging systems used in plant science or agriculture often have suboptimal signal-to-noise ratio in the blue region (400\u2013500 nm) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Typically there are two principal reasons for this effect, the low sensitivity of the imaging sensor and the low amount of light available from the illuminating source. In plant science, the blue region contains relevant information about the physiology and the health status of a plant. We report on the improvement in sensitivity of a hyperspectral imaging system in the blue region of the spectrum by using supplemental illumination provided by an array of high brightness light emitting diodes (LEDs) with an emission peak at 470 nm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150612834","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]],"date-time":"2015-06-01T10:55:28Z","timestamp":1433156128000},"page":"12834-12840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Supplemental Blue LED Lighting Array to Improve the Signal Quality in Hyperspectral Imaging of Plants"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anne-Katrin","family":"Mahlein","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Hammersley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erich-Christian","family":"Oerke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heinz-Wilhelm","family":"Dehne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Phytomedicine, University of Bonn, Meckenheimer Allee 166a, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heiner","family":"Goldbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES)-Plant Nutrition, University of Bonn, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Strasse 13, 53115 Bonn, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5130-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruce","family":"Grieve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.2307\/2657068","article-title":"Leaf optical properties in higher plants: Linking spectral characteristics to stress and chlorophyll concentration","volume":"88","author":"Carter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Bot."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-011-9878-z","article-title":"Recent advances in sensing plant diseases for precision crop protection","volume":"133","author":"Mahlein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/S0176-1617(96)80284-7","article-title":"Signature analysis of leaf reflectance spectra: Algorithm development for remote sensing of chlorophyll","volume":"148","author":"Gitelson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(02)00010-X","article-title":"Relationships between leaf pigment content and spectral reflectance across a wide range of species, leaf structures and developmental stages","volume":"81","author":"Sims","year":"2002","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1360-1385(98)01213-8","article-title":"Visible and near-infrared reflectance techniques for diagnosing plant physiological status","volume":"3","author":"Penuelas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2727","DOI":"10.1080\/01431169508954588","article-title":"Reflectance assessment of mite effects on apple trees","volume":"16","author":"Penuelas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.09.019","article-title":"Development of spectral indices for detecting and identifying plant diseases","volume":"128","author":"Mahlein","year":"2013","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.07.005","article-title":"Leaf BRDF measurements and model for specular and diffuse components differentiation","volume":"98","author":"Bousquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-4811-8-3","article-title":"Hyperspectral imaging for small-scale analysis of symptoms caused by different sugar beet diseases","volume":"8","author":"Mahlein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Plant Methods"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2010.02.006","article-title":"Quantifying empirical relations between planted species mixtures and canopy reflectance with PROTEST","volume":"114","author":"Feilhauer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8137.2012.04338.x","article-title":"Soil biotic impact on plant species shoot chemistry and hyperspectral reflectance patterns","volume":"196","author":"Carvalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1887","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802541556","article-title":"Hyperspectral indices to diagnose leaf biotic stress of apple plants, considering leaf phenology","volume":"30","author":"Delalieux","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60214a047","article-title":"Smoothing and differentiation of data by simplified least squares procedures","volume":"36","author":"Savitzky","year":"1964","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Gurkan, D., and Baglio, S. (2015, January 11\u201315). Localized multispectral crop imaging sensors: Engineering & validation of a cost effective plant stress and disease sensor. Proceedings of the IEEE 2015 Sensors Applications Symposium, Zadar, Croatia."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/6\/12834\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:16Z","timestamp":1760215636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/6\/12834"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s150612834"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150612834","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,1]]}}}