{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T04:58:42Z","timestamp":1768798722244,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61403093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61403093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province of China for Returned Scholars","award":["LC2013C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LC2013C22"]}]},{"name":"Assisted Project by Heilongjiang Province of China Postdoctoral Funds for Scientific Research Initiation","award":["LBH-Q14048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LBH-Q14048"]}]},{"name":"China Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities","award":["HEUCF140807"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HEUCF140807"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Frequency allocations in the L band suitable for global navigation satellite system (GNSS) services are getting crowded and system providers face an ever tougher job when they try to bring in new signals and services while maintaining radio frequency compatibility. With the successive opening of the S and C bands to GNSS service, the multi-band combined navigation is predicted to become a key technology for future  high-precision positioning navigation systems, and a single modulation scheme satisfying the requirements in each band is a promising solution for reducing user terminal complexity. A universal modulation scheme based on the continuous phase modulation (CPM) family suitable for the above bands\u2019 demands is proposed. Moreover, this paper has put forward two specific CPM signals for the S and C bands, respectively. Then the proposed modulation schemes, together with existing candidates, are comprehensively evaluated. Simulation results show that the proposed CPM signals can not only satisfy the constraint condition of compatibility in different bands well and reduce user terminal complexity, but also provide superior performance in terms of tracking accuracy,  multi-path mitigation and anti-jamming compared to other candidate modulation schemes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150613184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T10:23:07Z","timestamp":1433499787000},"page":"13184-13200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["CPM Signals for Satellite Navigation in the S and C Bands"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rui","family":"Xue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information & Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information & Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danfeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Information & Communication Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-014-0368-6","article-title":"Performance evaluation of MSK and OFDM modulations for future GNSS signals","volume":"18","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-004-0098-2","article-title":"Use of C-Band frequencies for satellite navigation: Benefits and drawbacks","volume":"8","author":"Irsigler","year":"2004","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"65","article-title":"A search for spectrum: GNSS signals in S-Band part 1","volume":"5","author":"Mateu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colzi, E., Lopez-Risue\u00f1o, G., Samson, J., Angeletti, P., Crisci, M., De Gaudenzi, R., and Gerner, J.L. (2008, January 10\u201312). Assessment of the Feasibility of GNSS in C-Band. Proceedings of the International Communications Satellite Systems Conference, San Diegom, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.2514\/6.2008-5490"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"64","article-title":"Envisioning a future GNSS system of systems part 3","volume":"6","author":"Hein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issler, J.L., and Eissfeller, B. (2010, January 8\u201310). Toward centimetric positioning thanks to L-and S-Band GNSS and to meta-GNSS signals. Proceedings of the 2010 5th ESA Workshop on Satellite Navigation Technologies and European Workshop on GNSS Signals and Signal Processing, Toulouse, France.","DOI":"10.1109\/NAVITEC.2010.5708075"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"2713","article-title":"MSK-BCS modulation for GNSS radio frequency compatibility in C Band","volume":"9","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"102","article-title":"A compatibility analysis between GNSS and radio astronomy\/microwave landing system in C band","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Aeronaut. Astronaut. Aviat."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3260","DOI":"10.1109\/TWC.2009.081051","article-title":"Serially concatenated continuous phase modulation for satellite communications","volume":"8","author":"Amat","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Baroni, R., Lombardo, F., Suffritti, R., Candreva, E.A., Vanelli-Coralli, A., Corazza, G.E., Colavolpe, G., Gallinaro, G., and Alagha, N. (2012, January 10\u201315). Performance analysis of a mesh satellite system based on linear and continuous phase modulations. Proceedings of 2012 IEEE International Conference on Communications, Ottawa, ON, Canada.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICC.2012.6364605"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3234","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2012.6324699","article-title":"Spread-spectrum continuous-phase-modulated signals for satellite navigation","volume":"48","author":"Emmanuele","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s10291-013-0351-7","article-title":"IRNSS-1A: Signal and clock characterization of the Indian regional navigation system","volume":"18","author":"Thoelert","year":"2014","journal-title":"GPS Solut."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Avila-Rodriguez, J.-A., Wallner, S., Won, J.-H., Eissfeller, B., Schmitz-Peiffer, A., Floch, J.-J., Colzi, E., and Gerner, J.-L. (2008, January 16\u201319). Study on a Galileo signal and service plan for C-band. Proceedings of International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Savannah, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1981.1095001","article-title":"Continuous phase modulation-part I: Full response signaling","volume":"29","author":"Aulin","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1109\/TCOM.1981.1094985","article-title":"Continuous phase modulation-part II: Partial response signaling","volume":"29","author":"Aulin","year":"1981","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1109\/18.2634","article-title":"A decomposition approach to CPM","volume":"34","author":"Rimoldi","year":"1988","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, J.B., Aulin, T., and Sundberg, C.E. (1986). Digital Phase Modulation, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-2031-7"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1538","DOI":"10.1109\/TAES.2009.5310316","article-title":"Generalized theory of code tracking with an early-late discriminator part I: Lower bound and coherent processing","volume":"45","author":"Betz","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Aerosp. Electron. Syst."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"24","article-title":"Multipath mitigation techniques using maximum-likelihood principle","volume":"8","author":"Sahmoudi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Inside GNSS"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Kaplan, E.D., and Hegarty, C.J. (2006). Understanding GPS: Principle and Application, Artech House. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betz, J.W. (2001, January 22\u201324). Effect of Partial-Band interference on receiver estimation of C\/N0: Theory. Proceedings of the Institute of Navigation, Long Beach, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA457817"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betz, J.W., and Goldstein, D.B. (2002, January 28\u201330). Candidate designs for an additional civil signal in GPS spectral bands. Proceedings of the National Technical Meeting-Institute of Navigation, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA460213"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Betz, J.W., and Titus, B.M. (2004, January 26\u201329). Intersystem and intrasystem interference with signal imperfections. Proceedings of the Position Location and Navigation Symposium, Fort Worth, TX, USA.","DOI":"10.21236\/ADA456352"},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Soualle, F., and Burger, T. (2007, January 25\u201328). Radio frequency compatibility criterion for code tracking performance. Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of The Institute of Navigation, Fort Worth, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, F., Zeng, D., and Li, R. (2013, January 15\u201317). Study on MSK Modulation for S-band. Proceedings of 2013 China Satellite Navigation Conference, Wuhan, China.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37404-3_6"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Qin, P. (2013, January 15\u201317). The research of the signal in the S frequency band. Proceedings of 2013 China Satellite Navigation Conference, Wuhan, China."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Mateu, I., Boulanger, C., Issler, J.-L., Ries, L., Avila-Rodriguez, J.-A., Wallner, S., Kraus, T., Eissfeller, B., Mulassano, P., and Germaine, S. (2009, January 22\u201325). Exploration of possible GNSS signals in S-band. Proceedings of the International Technical Meeting of The Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation, Savannah, GA, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1587\/elex.7.421","article-title":"MSK-BCS coded symbol modulations for global navigation satellite systems","volume":"7","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEICE Electron. Express"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/6\/13184\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:29Z","timestamp":1760215649000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/6\/13184"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s150613184"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150613184","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]]}}}