{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T15:27:36Z","timestamp":1760369256574,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433462400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper describes the design, development and evaluation tests of an integrated force sensor prototype for portable Coordinate Measuring Arms (CMAs or AACMMs). The development is based on the use of strain gauges located on the surface of the CMAs\u2019 hard probe. The strain gauges as well as their cables and connectors have been protected with a custom case, made by Additive Manufacturing techniques (Polyjet 3D). The same method has been selected to manufacture an ergonomic handle that includes trigger mechanics and the electronic components required for synchronizing the trigger signal when probing occurs. The paper also describes the monitoring software that reads the signals in real time, the calibration procedure of the prototype and the validation tests oriented towards increasing knowledge of the forces employed in manual probing. Several experiments read and record the force in real time comparing different ways of probing (discontinuous and continuous contact) and measuring different types of geometric features, from single planes to exterior cylinders, cones, or spheres, through interior features. The probing force is separated into two components allowing the influence of these strategies in probe deformation to be known. The final goal of this research is to improve the probing technique, for example by using an operator training programme, allowing  extra-force peaks and bad contacts to be minimized or just to avoid bad measurements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150613242","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]],"date-time":"2015-06-05T10:23:07Z","timestamp":1433499787000},"page":"13242-13257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Sensor Prototype to Evaluate the Contact Force in Measuring with Coordinate Measuring Arms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Eduardo","family":"Cuesta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Campus de Gij\u00f3n, Asturias 33203, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Telenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Campus de Gij\u00f3n, Asturias 33203, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Manufacturing Engineering, University of Oviedo, Campus de Gij\u00f3n, Asturias 33203, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Madruga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aeroespatiale Engineering, University of Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana, Le\u00f3n 24071, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susana","family":"Mart\u00ednez-Pellitero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical, Informatics and Aeroespatiale Engineering, University of Le\u00f3n, Campus de Vegazana, Le\u00f3n 24071, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.4028\/www.scientific.net\/AMR.498.103","article-title":"Feasibility evaluation of photogrammetry versus coordinate measuring arms for the assembly of welded structures","volume":"498","author":"Cuesta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Mater. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Parry, B., and Beutel, D. (2004). Methods for Performance Evaluation of Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines, ASME."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Verein Deutscher Ingenieure (2009). VDI\/VDE 2617 Part 9,Acceptance and Reverification Test for Articulated Arm Coordinate Measuring Machines, Verein Deutscher Ingenieure."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"(2013). Acceptance and Reverification Tests for Coordinate measuring Systems (CMS)\u2014Part 12: Articulated Arm Coordinate Measurement Machines (CMM), ISO."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125008","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/25\/12\/125008","article-title":"Methodology for the assessment of measuring uncertainties of articulated arm coordinate measuring machines","volume":"25","author":"Romdhani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. 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Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cuesta, E., Alvarez, B.J., Mart\u00ednez, S., Barreiro, J., and Gonz\u00e1lez-Madruga, D. (2011, January 21\u201323). Evaluation of influence parameters on measurement reliability of coordinated measuring arms. Proceedings of the AIP Conference MESIC 2011, Cadiz, Spain.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4707568"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Madruga, D., Cuesta, E., Barreiro, J., Martinez-Pellitero, S., and Alvarez, B.J. (2012, January 24\u201327). Real-time contact force measurement system for portable coordinate measuring arms. Proceedings of the 23rd International DAAAM Symposium 2012, Zadar, Croatia.","DOI":"10.2507\/23rd.daaam.proceedings.062"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10430","DOI":"10.3390\/s130810430","article-title":"Application of a force sensor to improve the reliability of measurement with articulated arm coordinate measuring machines","volume":"13","author":"Cuesta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.measurement.2009.10.002","article-title":"Virtual spheres gauge for coordinate measuring arms performance test","volume":"43","author":"Lesnau","year":"2010","journal-title":"Measurement"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"349","article-title":"Application of virtual spheres plate for AACMMs evaluation","volume":"32","year":"2012","journal-title":"Precis. 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