{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T01:31:21Z","timestamp":1772328681348,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1433980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>During dental sinus lift surgery, it is important to monitor the thickness of the remaining maxilla to avoid perforating the sinus membrane. Therefore, a sensor should be integrated into ultrasonic dental tools to prevent undesirable damage. This paper presents a piezoelectric (PZT) sensor installed in an ultrasonic transducer to measure the stiffness of high and low materials. Four design types using three PZT ring materials and a split PZT for actuator and sensor ring materials were studied. Three sensor locations were also examined. The voltage signals of the sensor and the displacement of the actuator were analyzed to distinguish the low and high stiffness. Using sensor type T1 made of the  PZT-1 material and the front location A1 provided a high sensitivity of 2.47 Vm\/kN.  The experimental results demonstrated that our design can measure soft and hard stiffness.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150613670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]],"date-time":"2015-06-11T10:44:59Z","timestamp":1434019499000},"page":"13670-13679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Piezoelectric Sensor to Measure Soft and Hard Stiffness with High Sensitivity for Ultrasonic Transducers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yan-Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chih-Chung","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Jin","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuo-Hung","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan"},{"name":"Mechanical and Systems Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute,  Hsinchu 31040, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.04.018","article-title":"Ultrasonic osteotomy in oral surgery and implantology","volume":"108","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmbbm.2011.12.012","article-title":"Mode III cleavage of a coin-shaped titanium implant in bone: Effect of friction and crack propagation","volume":"8","author":"Mathieu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mech. Behav. Biomed. Mater."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2014.07.011","article-title":"Ultrasonic evaluation of dental implant osseointegration","volume":"47","author":"Vayron","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Biomech."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3913(11)00143-0","article-title":"Maxillary sinus augmentation with a sonic handpiece for the osteotomy of the lateral window: A clinical report","volume":"106","author":"Geminiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. 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Control"},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"1247","article-title":"A new method for the evaluation of dental implant stability using an inductive sensor","volume":"34","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mech. Eng. Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0254-0584(02)00038-X","article-title":"Smart ultrasonic transducer for wire-bonding applications","volume":"75","author":"Chu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mater. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-4247(97)01638-5","article-title":"Ultrasonic wire-bond quality monitoring using piezoelectric sensor","volume":"65","author":"Or","year":"1998","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A Phys."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2010.09.010","article-title":"Wire bonding quality monitoring via refining process of electrical signal from ultrasonic generator","volume":"25","author":"Feng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_12","unstructured":"Maruyama, Y., Takasaki, M., Kutami, T., and Mizuno, T. (2007, January 4\u20137). Application of ultrasonic dental scaler for diagnosis. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE\/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, Zurich, Switzerland."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1177\/1045389X10396955","article-title":"A refined sinus finite element model for the analysis of piezoelectric-laminated beams","volume":"22","author":"Vidal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Intell. Mater. Syst. 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Biomech."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/6\/13670\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:44Z","timestamp":1760215664000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/6\/13670"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s150613670"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150613670","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,11]]}}}