{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T05:35:52Z","timestamp":1784871352060,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":146,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1434672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detection of disease at an early stage is one of the biggest challenges in  medicine. Different disciplines of science are working together in this regard. The goal of nanodiagnostics is to provide more accurate tools for earlier diagnosis, to reduce cost and to simplify healthcare delivery of effective and personalized medicine, especially with regard to chronic diseases (e.g., diabetes and cardiovascular diseases) that have high healthcare costs. Up-to-date results suggest that DNA-based nanobiosensors could be used effectively to provide simple, fast, cost-effective, sensitive and specific detection of some genetic, cancer, and infectious diseases. In addition, they could potentially be used as a platform to detect immunodeficiency, and neurological and other diseases. This review examines different types of DNA-based nanobiosensors, the basic principles upon which they are based and their advantages and potential in diagnosis of acute and chronic diseases. We discuss recent trends and applications of new strategies for DNA-based nanobiosensors, and emphasize the challenges in translating basic research to the clinical laboratory.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150614539","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]],"date-time":"2015-06-19T10:23:33Z","timestamp":1434709413000},"page":"14539-14568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["DNA-Based Nanobiosensors as an Emerging Platform for Detection of Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Khalid","family":"Abu-Salah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair for Medical Applications of Nanomaterials, King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdulla International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City,  PO Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Zourob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Rd, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fouzi","family":"Mouffouk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Kuwait University, PO Box 2969, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Alrokayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Chair for Medical Applications of Nanomaterials, King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal","family":"Alaamery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdulla International Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz Medical City,  PO Box 22490, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anees","family":"Ansari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, PO Box 2454, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2101","DOI":"10.1021\/mp200394t","article-title":"Nanomedicine(s) under the microscope","volume":"8","author":"Duncan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(03)00075-3","article-title":"Biosensors for clinical diagnostics industry","volume":"91","author":"Malhotra","year":"2003","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1097\/01.poc.0000157098.59514.86","article-title":"Clinical and analytical performance of the Accu-chek Inform point-of-care glucose water","volume":"4","author":"Annelies","year":"2005","journal-title":"Point Care"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"937","article-title":"Biosensors: Future analytical tools","volume":"76","author":"Anjum","year":"2007","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abu-Salah, K.M., Ansari, A.A., and Alrokayan, S.A. (2010). DNA-based applications in nanobiotechnology. J. Biomed. Biotech.","DOI":"10.1155\/2010\/715295"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.3390\/s100100963","article-title":"Nanomaterials as analytical tools for genosensors","volume":"10","author":"Alrokayan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1021\/nl304123u","article-title":"Thermostable luciferase from luciola cruciate for imaging of carbon nanotubes and carbon nanotubes carrying doxorubicin using in vivo imaging system","volume":"13","author":"Eita","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-51.10.811","article-title":"Biosensor in the food industry: Present and future","volume":"51","author":"Schaertel","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1039\/B106198B","article-title":"The \u03bcchemLab TM project: Micro total analysis system R & D at Sandia National Laboratories","volume":"1","author":"Lindner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1017\/S1049023X0000114X","article-title":"Measures of effectiveness in large scale bioterrorism events","volume":"18","author":"Burkle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Prehosp. Disaster Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200173010023","article-title":"Affinity electrochemical biosensors for pollution control","volume":"73","author":"Maseini","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.01.037","article-title":"Micelle Development of a highly sensitive bacteria detection assay using fluorescent pH-responsive polymeric","volume":"26","author":"Mouffouk","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt873","article-title":"Electrochemical DNA Sensors","volume":"21","author":"Prummond","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/S1525-1578(10)60655-1","article-title":"Electronic detection of nucleic acids a versatile platform for molecular diagnostics","volume":"3","author":"Umek","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0734-9750(97)00003-7","article-title":"DNA based biosensors","volume":"15","author":"Junhui","year":"1997","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2006.03.078","article-title":"Recent developments in biomolecular electronics techniques for food pathogens","volume":"568","author":"Arora","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chim Acta"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.07.010","article-title":"Ultrasensitive DNA hybridization biosensor based on polyaniline","volume":"23","author":"Arora","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2007.01.084","article-title":"Polypyrrole-polyvinyl sulphonate film based disposable nucleic acid biosensor","volume":"589","author":"Prabhakar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.04.064","article-title":"DNA biosensors using fluorescence microscopy and impedance spectroscopy","volume":"118","author":"Berdat","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1021\/cr0684467","article-title":"DNA Biosensors and Microarrays","volume":"108","author":"Sassolas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(00)01058-8","article-title":"Novel hybridization indicator methylene blue for the electrochemical detection of short DNA sequence related to Hepatitis B Virus","volume":"423","author":"Erdem","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1021\/ac015602v","article-title":"Enzyme amplified amperometric sandwich test for RNA and DNA","volume":"74","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2317","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00065a025","article-title":"Sequence selection biosensor for DNA based on electroactive hybridization indicators","volume":"65","author":"Millan","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"559","article-title":"Biosensors for detection of pathogenic bacteria","volume":"14","author":"Ivniski","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(00)00468-8","article-title":"DNA diagnostic biosensor development, characterization and performance","volume":"68","author":"Berney","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B"},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"Ansari, A.A., Solanki, P.R., Kaushik, A., and Malhotra, B.D. (2009). Nanostructured Materials for Electrochemical Biosensors, Science Publishers, Inc."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Yogeshwaran, U., Kumar, S., and Chen, S. (2009). Nanostructured Material for Electrochemical Biosensors, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5576","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0107148","article-title":"Metal nanoparticle-based electrochemical stripping potentiometric detection of DNA hybridization","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2003.11.027","article-title":"Amperometric detection of morphine at a prussian blue modified indium tin oxide electrode","volume":"20","author":"Ho","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-9140(97)00392-5","article-title":"Piezoelectric quartz crystal biosensors","volume":"46","author":"Bunde","year":"1998","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"340","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-9936(99)00211-3","article-title":"Mini\/micro thermal biosensors and other related devices for biochemical\/clinical analysis and monitoring","volume":"19","author":"Xie","year":"2000","journal-title":"TRAC-TREND"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Motorola Life Sciences Inc. Available online: http:\/\/www.motorola.com\/Lifesciences."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Toshiba Corporation. Available online: http:\/\/www.dna-chip.toshiba.co.jp\/eng\/."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.200701871","article-title":"A new nanobiosensor for glucose with high sensitivity and selectivity in serum based on fluorescence resonance Energy transfer (FRET) between CdTe quantum dots and Au nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Tang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemistry"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200704794","article-title":"Optical detection of glucose and acetylcholine esterase inhibitors by H2O2-sensitive CdSe\/ZnS quantum dots","volume":"47","author":"Gill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.1039\/b500664c","article-title":"Quenching of CdSe quantum dot emission, a new approach for biosensing","volume":"7","author":"Dyadyusha","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"312","DOI":"10.4236\/jbise.2009.25046","article-title":"Recent advances in fiber-optic DNA biosensors","volume":"2","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.1021\/nl050888v","article-title":"Multiplexed hybridization detection with multicolor colocalization of quantum dot nanoprobes","volume":"5","author":"Ho","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10692","DOI":"10.1039\/c1cc14389a","article-title":"One-pot synthesis of luminol functionalized silver nanoparticles with chemiluminescence activity for ultrasensitive DNA sensing","volume":"47","author":"He","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2630","DOI":"10.1021\/nl061666f","article-title":"Rapid and sensitive detection of respiratory virus molecular signatures using a silver nanorod array SERS substrate","volume":"6","author":"Shanmukh","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1002\/cphc.200400193","article-title":"Biomolecule-functionalized carbon-nanotubes: Applications in nanobioelectronics","volume":"5","author":"Katz","year":"2004","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.1140080104","article-title":"Electrochemical biosensors for DNA sequence detection","volume":"8","author":"Mikkelsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4109(200209)14:17<1149::AID-ELAN1149>3.0.CO;2-8","article-title":"Electrochemical DNA hybridization biosensors","volume":"14","author":"Gooding","year":"2002","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bora, U., Sett, A., and Sing, D. (2013). Nucleic Acid Based Biosensors for Clinical Applications. Biosens. J., 1.","DOI":"10.4172\/2090-4967.1000104"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3122","DOI":"10.3390\/s90403122","article-title":"Overview of Electrochemical DNA Biosensors: New Approaches to Detect the Expression of Life","volume":"9","author":"Cagnin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_46","unstructured":"Ferreira, A.A.P., Uliana, C.V., de Souza Castilho, M., Pesquero, N.C., Foguel, M.V., Dos Santos, G.P., and Fugivara, C.S. (2013). Amperometric Biosensors for Diagnosis of Disease. INTECH."},{"key":"ref_47","first-page":"129","article-title":"Flow-through electrochemical system with the DNA-based biosensor for the evaluation of deep DNA damage by chemicals and effect of antioxidants","volume":"2","author":"Simkova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Chim. Slov."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, H., Wei, M., and Wang, J. (2013). Electrochemical DNA biosensor based on the BDD nanograss array electrode. Chem. Cent. J., 7.","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-153X-7-65"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11048","DOI":"10.1016\/S1452-3981(23)13168-3","article-title":"DNA-based Biosensor for Detection of Ganoderma boninense, an Oil Palm Pathogen Utilizing Newly Synthesized Ruthenium Complex (Ru(phen)2(qtpy)]2+ Based on a PEDOT-PSS\/Ag Nanoparticles Modified Electrode","volume":"8","author":"Dutse","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Electrochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1039\/an9962100965","article-title":"Microfabricated thick-film electrochemical sensor for nucleic acid determination","volume":"121","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1039\/b817562d","article-title":"Sol-gel derived nano-structured zinc-oxide film for sexually transmitted disease sensor","volume":"134","author":"Ansari","year":"2009","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.04.025","article-title":"Electrochemical DNA sensor for Neisseria meningitidis detection","volume":"25","author":"Manoj","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2232","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.11.030","article-title":"STD sensor based on nucleic acid functionalized nanostructured polyaniline","volume":"24","author":"Singh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2010.11.047","article-title":"Chitosan-iron oxide nano-composite platform for mismatch-discriminating DNA hybridization for Neisseria gonorrhoeae detection causing sexually transmitted disease","volume":"26","author":"Singh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"604","article-title":"DNA-based biosensors with external Nafion and chitosan membranes for the evaluation of the antioxidant activity of beer, coffee and tea","volume":"12","author":"Hlavata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tsf.2010.08.057","article-title":"Fabrication of Neisseria gonorrhoeae biosensor based on chitosan-MWCNT platform","volume":"519","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Thin Solid Films"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.1014","article-title":"Polyaniline\/carbon nanotubes platform for sexually transmitted disease detection","volume":"23","author":"Singh","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recognit."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1002\/1521-4109(200211)14:21<1449::AID-ELAN1449>3.0.CO;2-Z","article-title":"Electrochemical sensors for DNA interactions and damage","volume":"14","author":"Fojta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"992","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.1140081104","article-title":"Electrochemical determination of carboplatin in serum using a DNA-modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"8","author":"Brett","year":"1996","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7097","DOI":"10.1021\/ja039621t","article-title":"Polyaniline nanowires on Si surfaces fabricated with DNA templates","volume":"126","author":"Ma","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5437","DOI":"10.1021\/ja067477g","article-title":"Detection of microRNAs using target-guided formation of conducting polymer nanowires in nanogaps","volume":"129","author":"Fan","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, M., Sumana, G., Nagarajan, R., and Malhotra, B.D. (2010). Zirconia based nucleic acid sensor for Mycobacterium tuberculosis detection. Appl. Phys. Lett., 96.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3293447"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1021\/bm1013074","article-title":"Electrophoretic fabrication of chitosan-zirconium-oxide nanobiocomposite platform for nucleic acid detection","volume":"12","author":"Das","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Das, M., Dhand, C., Sumana, G., Srivastava, A.K., Vijayan, N., Nagarajan, R., and Malhotra, B.D. (2011). Zirconia grafted carbon nanotubes based biosensor for M. Tuberculosis detection. Appl. Phys. Lett., 99.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3645618"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2009.08.002","article-title":"DNA sensor development based on multi-wall carbon nanotubes for label-free influenza virus (type A) detection","volume":"350","author":"Tam","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2010.06.023","article-title":"Controllable synthesis of CdSe nanostructures with tunable morphology and their application in DNA biosensor of Avian Influenza Virus","volume":"149","author":"Fan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.02.013","article-title":"Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and electrochemical biosensing of glucose on quantum dots\/carbon nanotubes electrodes","volume":"22","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2481(02)00434-4","article-title":"Electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization based on cadmium sulfide nanoparticle tags","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.10.021","article-title":"Label-free detection of Staphylococcus aureus in skin using real-time potentiometric biosensors based on carbon nanotubes and aptamers","volume":"31","author":"Gustavo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"115","article-title":"Development of Piezoelectric DNA-BASED Biosensor for Direct Detection of Mycobaterium Tuberculosis in Clinical Specimens","volume":"113","author":"Kaewphinit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4103","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0058334","article-title":"Hydroxylated quantum dots as luminescent probes for in situ hybridization","volume":"123","author":"Pathak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"325","article-title":"Detection of M. tuberculosis in clinical samples of diversified nature by IS6110 based PCR","volume":"38","author":"Negi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Commun. Dis."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9606","DOI":"10.1021\/ja025814p","article-title":"Self-assembled nanoparticle probes for recognition and detection of biomolecules","volume":"124","author":"Maxwell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747A","DOI":"10.1021\/ac003001i","article-title":"Molecular beacons: Novel fluorescent probes","volume":"72","author":"Fang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_75","first-page":"826","article-title":"Single-quantum-dot-based DNA nanosensor","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Letters"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3562","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1576915","article-title":"Microcantilever resonance based DNA detection with nanoparticle probes","volume":"82","author":"Su","year":"2003","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1503","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1067003","article-title":"Array-based electrical detection of DNA with nanoparticle probes","volume":"295","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOFL.0000031816.06134.d3","article-title":"Calorimetric biosensor based on DNAzyme-assembled gold nanoparticles","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Fluoresc."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt1296-1681","article-title":"A fiber-optic DNA biosensor microarray for the analysis of gene expression","volume":"14","author":"Ferguson","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marks, R.S., Lowe, C.R., Cullen, D.C., Weetal, H.H., and Karube, I. (2007). Handbook of Biosensors Biochips, John Willey & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470061565"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3011","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.16.3011","article-title":"From DNA biosensors to gene chips","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acid Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1757","DOI":"10.1126\/science.289.5485.1757","article-title":"Scanometric DNA array detection with nanoparticle probes","volume":"289","author":"Taton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0198-40","article-title":"DNA chip: State-of-the art","volume":"16","author":"Ramsay","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s002160101006","article-title":"Optical DNA-sensor chip for real time detection of hybridization events","volume":"371","author":"Peter","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fresenius J. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1021\/nl034853b","article-title":"Direct ultrasensitive electrical detection of DNA and DNA sequence variations using nanowire nanosensors","volume":"4","author":"Hahm","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1104635","article-title":"Systems biology and new technologies enable predictive and preventative medicine","volume":"306","author":"Hood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"907","article-title":"Detection of DNA hybridization with Au nanoparticles and Plasmon resonance","volume":"122","author":"He","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1077194","article-title":"In vivo imaging of quantum dots encapsulated in phospholipid micelles","volume":"298","author":"Dubertret","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8122","DOI":"10.1021\/ja991662v","article-title":"Programmed assembly of DNA functionalized quantum dots","volume":"121","author":"Mitchell","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/35097256","article-title":"Biologists join the dots","volume":"413","author":"Klerreich","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1002\/1439-7641(20010618)2:6<384::AID-CPHC384>3.0.CO;2-3","article-title":"High-quality mapping of DNA protein complexes by dynamic scanning force microscopy","volume":"2","author":"Gao","year":"2001","journal-title":"ChemPhysChem"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1007\/s003390201283","article-title":"Dynamic scanning force microscopy study of self-assembled DNA-protein oligomers","volume":"74","author":"Pignataro","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. A"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1021\/ja029668z","article-title":"Electrochemical coding technology for simultaneous detection of multiple DNA targets","volume":"125","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11474","DOI":"10.1021\/ja0358854","article-title":"Ultrasensitive DNA detection using highly fluorescent bioconjugated nanoparticles","volume":"125","author":"Zhao","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5504","DOI":"10.1021\/ja960490o","article-title":"Direct enzyme-amplified electrical recognition of a 30-base model oligonucleotide","volume":"118","author":"Campbell","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1021\/ja964326c","article-title":"Observation of hybridization and dehybridization of thiol-tethered DNA using two-color surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy","volume":"119","author":"Peterlinz","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1021\/ja972332i","article-title":"One-pot colorimetric differentiation of polynucleotides with single base imperfections using gold nanoparticle probes","volume":"120","author":"Storhoff","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.2116\/analsci.23.17","article-title":"Colorimetric biosensor based DNA nanoparticle conjugates","volume":"23","author":"Sato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Sci."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0350965","article-title":"Amperometric detection of nucleic acid at femtomolar levels with a nucleic acid\/electrochemical activator bilayer on gold electrode","volume":"76","author":"Xie","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-002-1652-9","article-title":"Carbon nanotube-enhanced electrochemical DNA biosensor for DNA hybridization detection","volume":"375","author":"Cai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1021\/ac00060a615","article-title":"Electroanalysis and biosensors","volume":"65","author":"Wang","year":"1993","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5690","DOI":"10.1021\/ac049421f","article-title":"Electrocatalytic oxidation of guanine and DNA on a carbon paste electrode modified by cobalt hexacyanoferrate films","volume":"76","author":"Abbaspour","year":"2004","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8916","DOI":"10.1021\/ja9719586","article-title":"Characterization of DNA Probes Immobilized on Gold Surfaces","volume":"119","author":"Tonya","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2481(02)00448-4","article-title":"Electrochemical detection of hybridization using peptide nucleic acids and methylene blue an self-assembled alkanethiol monolayer","volume":"4","author":"Ozkan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Electrochem. Commun."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2005.04.069","article-title":"Electrochemical impedance probing of DNA hybridisation on oligonucleotide-functionalised polypyrrole","volume":"68","author":"Tlili","year":"2005","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.1021\/ac961007v","article-title":"High-density, covalent attachment of DNA to silicon wafers for analysis by maldi-tof mass spectrometry","volume":"69","author":"ODonnell","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.1021\/ja00164a070","article-title":"Spontaneously Formed Functionally Active Avidin Monolayers on Metal Surfaces: A Strategy for Immobilizing Biological Reagents and Design of Piezoelectric Biosensors","volume":"112","author":"Ebersole","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1021\/la991122b","article-title":"Toward genoelectronics: Nucleic acid doped conducting polymers","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/elan.200302835","article-title":"Lead sulfide nanoparticle as oligonucleotides labels for electrochemical stripping detection of DNA hybridization","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/S1567-5394(02)00114-7","article-title":"ZrO(2) gel-derived DNA-modified electrode and the effect of lanthanide on its electron transfer behavior","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bioelectrochemistry"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2006.01.009","article-title":"A nano-porous CeO2\/Chitosan composite film as the immobilization matrix for colorectal cancer DNA sequence-selective electrochemical biosensor","volume":"70","author":"Feng","year":"2006","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1039\/b106343j","article-title":"Magnetic bead-based label-free electrochemical detection of DNA hybridization","volume":"126","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0830-6","article-title":"Nanostructured electrochemical DNA biosensors for detection of the effect of berberine on DNA from cancer cells","volume":"386","author":"Ovadekova","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1439758","article-title":"Immuno-PCR: Very sensitive antigen detection by means of specific antibody-DNA conjugate","volume":"58","author":"Sano","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5932","DOI":"10.1021\/ja049384+","article-title":"Bio-bar-code-based DNA detection with PCR-like sensitivity","volume":"126","author":"Nam","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1884","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1088755","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based bio-bar codes for the ultrasensitive detection of proteins","volume":"301","author":"Nam","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2273","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409336102","article-title":"Nanoparticle-based detection in cerebrospinal fluid of a soluble pathogenic biomarker for Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"102","author":"Geoorganopoulou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/85704","article-title":"Detection of single-base DNA mutations by enzyme-amplified electronic transduction","volume":"19","author":"Patolsky","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0519864","article-title":"Nucleic acid-functionalized Pt nanoparticles: Catalytic labels for the amplified electrochemical detection of biomolecules","volume":"78","author":"Polsky","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2228","DOI":"10.1021\/ja060005h","article-title":"Quantum-dot\/aptamer-based ultrasensitive multi-analyte electrochemical biosensor","volume":"128","author":"Hansen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.12.057","article-title":"Label-free DNA sensor for detection of bladder cancer biomarkers in urine","volume":"178","author":"Shin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Janeway, C.A., Travers, P., Walport, M., and Capra, J.D. (2005). Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and Disease, Garland Science Publishing. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2005.02.006","article-title":"Immuno-PCR: High sensitivity detection of proteins by nucleic acid amplification","volume":"23","author":"Niemeyer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6985","DOI":"10.1021\/ac0513764","article-title":"Bio-barcode amplification assay for cytokines","volume":"77","author":"Nam","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.09.010","article-title":"Development of DNA electrochemical biosensor based on immobilization of ssDNA on the surface of nickel oxide nanoparticles modified glassy carbon electrode","volume":"30","author":"Noorbakhsh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/45.5.665","article-title":"Detection of Human Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha in Healthy Donors, Using a Highly Sensitive Immuno-PCR Assay","volume":"45","author":"Saito","year":"1999","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","first-page":"448","article-title":"Enhancement of flow cytometry sensitivity with highly fluorescent dye-doped silica nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1021\/nl052105b","article-title":"Multicolor FRET silica nanoparticles by single wavelength excitation","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1290","DOI":"10.1557\/mrs.2012.209","article-title":"Graphene-based materials for biosensing and bioimaging","volume":"37","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mater. Res. Soc."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5329.1078","article-title":"Selective Colorimetric Detection of Polynucleotides Based on the Distance-Dependent Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"277","author":"Elghanian","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6631","DOI":"10.1002\/ange.200461887","article-title":"Reversible Switching of DNA-Gold Nanoparticle Aggregation","volume":"116","author":"Hazarika","year":"2004","journal-title":"Angew. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14036","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0406115101","article-title":"Colorimetric Detection of DNA Sequences Based on Electrostatic Interactions with Unmodified Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"101","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1915","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.11.007","article-title":"Molecular beacon-based bioimaging of multiple microRNAs during myogenesis","volume":"32","author":"Kang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6229","DOI":"10.1021\/ac050921y","article-title":"Detection of Specific Sequences in RNA Using Differential Adsorption of Single-Stranded Oligonucleotides on Gold Nanoparticles","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","unstructured":"Li, Y., and Lu, Y. (2009). Functional Nucleic Acids for Analytical Applications, Springer."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1021\/ac702322j","article-title":"Cancer cell targeting using multiple aptamers conjugated on nanorods","volume":"80","author":"Huang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3065","DOI":"10.1021\/nl071546n","article-title":"Quantum Dot-Aptamer Conjugates for Synchronous Cancer Imaging, Therapy, Sensing of Drug Delivery Based on Bi-Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer","volume":"7","author":"Bagalkot","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8149","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200602251","article-title":"An Aptamer-Doxorubicin Physical Conjugate as a Novel Targeted Drug-Delivery Platform","volume":"45","author":"Bagalkot","year":"2006","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2010.03.003","article-title":"Molecular diagnostic and drug delivery agents based on aptamer-nanomaterial conjugates","volume":"30","author":"Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/cmdc.200800091","article-title":"Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticle-Aptamer Bioconjugates for Combined Prostate Cancer Imaging and Therapy","volume":"3","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chem Med Chem"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1021\/ac702037y","article-title":"Gold Nanoparticle Based Colorimetric Assay for the Direct Detection of Cancerous Cells","volume":"80","author":"Medley","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.01.018","article-title":"Zhang, Label-free biosensor: A novel phage-modified Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensor system for cancer cells monitoring","volume":"22","author":"Jia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7125","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0476782","article-title":"DNA-Based Biosensor for Monitoring pH in Vitro and in Living Cells","volume":"44","author":"Ohmichi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2172","DOI":"10.1021\/ja056354d","article-title":"MercuryII - mediated Formation of Thyamine-HgII-Thyamine Base Pairs in DNA Duplexes","volume":"128","author":"Miyake","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1021\/ja065552h","article-title":"15N-15NJ-Coupling Across HgII: Direct Observation of HgII-Mediated T-T Base Pairs in a DNA Duplex","volume":"129","author":"Tanaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(03)00013-7","article-title":"New highly sensitive, selective catalytic DNA biosensors for metal ions","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/6\/14539\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:07Z","timestamp":1760215687000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/6\/14539"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]},"references-count":146,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,6]]}},"alternative-id":["s150614539"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150614539","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,6,19]]}}}