{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:24:39Z","timestamp":1760243079569,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61275098"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61275098"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ph.D. Programs Foundation of Ministry of Education of China","award":["20120142110088"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20120142110088"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province of China","award":["2011CDB027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011CDB027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The state-of-the-art ultra-spectral sensor technology brings new hope for high precision applications due to its high spectral resolution. However, it also comes with new challenges, such as the high data dimension and noise problems. In this paper, we propose a real-time method for infrared ultra-spectral signature classification via spatial pyramid matching (SPM), which includes two aspects. First, we introduce an infrared ultra-spectral signature similarity measure method via SPM, which is the foundation of the matching-based classification method. Second, we propose the classification method with reference spectral libraries, which utilizes the SPM-based similarity for the real-time infrared ultra-spectral signature classification with robustness performance. Specifically, instead of matching with each spectrum in the spectral library, our method is based on feature matching, which includes a feature library-generating phase. We calculate the SPM-based similarity between the feature of the spectrum and that of each spectrum of the reference feature library, then take the class index of the corresponding spectrum having the maximum similarity as the final result. Experimental comparisons on two publicly-available datasets demonstrate that the proposed method effectively improves the real-time classification performance and robustness to noise.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150715868","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T16:19:37Z","timestamp":1435940377000},"page":"15868-15887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["A Real-Time Infrared Ultra-Spectral Signature Classification Method via Spatial Pyramid Matching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Xiaoguang","family":"Mei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"given":"Chang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Fan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information and Communications, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3264-3265","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiayi","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1190\/1.1440721","article-title":"Spectral signatures of particulate minerals in the visible and near infrared","volume":"42","author":"Hunt","year":"1977","journal-title":"Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.3390\/s150102041","article-title":"Hyperspectral Imagery Super-Resolution by Compressive Sensing Inspired Dictionary Learning and Spatial-Spectral Regularization","volume":"15","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7248","DOI":"10.3390\/s140407248","article-title":"Recent Developments in Hyperspectral Imaging for Assessment of Food Quality and Safety","volume":"14","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2003.09.002","article-title":"Aircraft emission measurements by remote sensing methodologies at airports","volume":"37","author":"Jahn","year":"2003","journal-title":"Atmos. 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