{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T13:52:00Z","timestamp":1767707520763,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1435881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Smart cities are expected to improve the quality of life of citizens by relying on new paradigms, such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and its capacity to manage and interconnect thousands of sensors and actuators scattered across the city. At the same time, mobile devices widely assist professional and personal everyday activities. A very good example of the potential of these devices for smart cities is their powerful support for intuitive service interfaces (such as those based on augmented reality (AR)) for non-expert users. In our work, we consider a scenario that combines IoT and AR within a smart city maintenance service to improve the accessibility of sensor and actuator devices in the field, where responsiveness is crucial. In it, depending on the location and needs of each service, data and commands will be transported by an urban communications network or consulted on the spot. Direct AR interaction with urban objects has already been described; it usually relies on 2D visual codes to deliver object identifiers (IDs) to the rendering device to identify object resources. These IDs allow information about the objects to be retrieved from a remote server. In this work, we present a novel solution that replaces static AR markers with dynamic markers based on LED communication, which can be decoded through cameras embedded in smartphones. These dynamic markers can directly deliver sensor information to the rendering device, on top of the object ID, without further network interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150716083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]],"date-time":"2015-07-03T16:19:37Z","timestamp":1435940377000},"page":"16083-16104","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Providing IoT Services in Smart Cities through Dynamic Augmented Reality Markers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Chaves-Di\u00e9guez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"AtlantTIC, Universidade de Vigo, R\u00faa Maxwell S\/N, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Pellitero-Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AtlantTIC, Universidade de Vigo, R\u00faa Maxwell S\/N, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Garc\u00eda-Coego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galician Research and Development Center in Advanced Telecommunications (GRADIANT), Edif. CITEXVI local 14, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Casta\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AtlantTIC, Universidade de Vigo, R\u00faa Maxwell S\/N, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Hern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AtlantTIC, Universidade de Vigo, R\u00faa Maxwell S\/N, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u00d3scar","family":"Pi\u00f1eiro-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galician Research and Development Center in Advanced Telecommunications (GRADIANT), Edif. CITEXVI local 14, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Felipe","family":"Gil-Casti\u00f1eira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Galician Research and Development Center in Advanced Telecommunications (GRADIANT), Edif. CITEXVI local 14, Campus Universitario de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Costa-Montenegro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AtlantTIC, Universidade de Vigo, R\u00faa Maxwell S\/N, 36310 Vigo, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Schaffers, H., Komninos, N., Pallot, M., Trousse, B., Nilsson, M., and Oliveira, A. (2011). The Future Internet, Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2014.2306328","article-title":"Internet of Things for Smart Cities","volume":"1","author":"Zanella","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Future Internet Research and Experimentation. Available online: http:\/\/www.smartsantander.eu\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3233\/IP-140330","article-title":"Geomatics and Smart City: A transversal contribution to the Smart City development","volume":"19","author":"Doran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Inf. Polity"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1109\/MC.2011.132","article-title":"Experiences inside the Ubiquitous Oulu Smart City","volume":"44","author":"Ojala","year":"2011","journal-title":"Computer"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican0991-94","article-title":"The computer for the 21st century","volume":"265","author":"Weiser","year":"1991","journal-title":"Sci. Am."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1","article-title":"Combining Cloud and sensors in a smart city environment","volume":"1","author":"Mitton","year":"2012","journal-title":"EURASIP J. Wirel. Commun. Netw."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1109\/JIOT.2013.2296516","article-title":"An information framework for creating a smart city through Internet of things","volume":"1","author":"Jin","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Internet Things J."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.museumoflondon.org.uk\/Resources\/app\/you-are-here-app\/noflash\/no-flash.html."},{"key":"ref_10","unstructured":"Mason, J. Something in the AIR in Madison Square: Smarter Cities and Augmented Reality. Available online: http:\/\/asmarterplanet.com\/blog\/2010\/05\/something-in-the-air-in-madison-square-smarter-cities-and-augmented-reality.html."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Romualdo, S.L., Brown, K., Pipes, S., and Ibbotson, J. (2014, January 24\u201328). Smart building management through augmented reality. Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autcon.2014.08.009","article-title":"Natural markers for augmented reality-based indoor navigation and facility maintenance","volume":"48","author":"Koch","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autom. Construct."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Jose, A.G., Guti\u00e9rrez, V., Santana, J.R., S\u00e1nchez, L., Sotres, P., Casanueva, J., and Mu\u00f1oz, L. SmartSantander: A Joint Service Provision Facility and Experimentation-Oriented Testbed, within a Smart City Environment 2013. Available online: http:\/\/www.smartsantander.eu\/downloads\/Presentations\/SmartSantander_A_joint.pdf."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez, L., Guti\u00e9rrez, V., Galache, J., Sotres, P., Santana, J., Casanueva, J., and Mu\u00f1oz, L. (2013, January 24\u201327). SmartSantander: Experimentation and service provision in the smart city. Atlantic City, NJ, USA."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.20870\/IJVR.2010.9.2.2767","article-title":"A survey of augmented reality technologies, applications and limitations","volume":"9","author":"Poelman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Virtual Real."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Wada, K., Kawahara, Y., and Asami, T. (September, January 31). A design of XML schema for information presentation system using augmented reality in new generation network management. Mar del Plata, Argentina."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4236\/wsn.2015.71001","article-title":"Visualization and Management Platform with Augmented Reality for Wireless Sensor Networks","volume":"7","author":"Sato","year":"2015","journal-title":"Wirel. Sens. Netw."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goldsmith, D., Liarokapis, F., Malone, G., and Kemp, J. (2008, January 9\u201311). Augmented Reality Environmental Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks. London, UK.","DOI":"10.1109\/IV.2008.72"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17212","DOI":"10.3390\/s140917212","article-title":"Smart Multi-Level Tool for Remote Patient Monitoring Based on a Wireless Sensor Network and Mobile Augmented Reality","volume":"14","author":"Villegas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peiris, R.L., Fernando, O.N.N., and Cheok, A.D. (2011, January 16\u201318). A Dynamic AR Marker for a Paper Based Temperature Sensor. Amsterdam, Netherlands.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-25167-2_24"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Barthel, R., Hudson-Smith, A., de Jode, M., and Blundell, B. (December, January 29). Tales of Things The Internet of \u201cOld\u201d Things: Collecting Stories of Objects, Places and Spaces 2010. Tokyo, Japan."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pokric, B., Krco, S., and Pokric, M. (2014, January 13\u201316). Augmented Reality Based Smart City Services Using Secure IoT Infrastructure. Victoria, BC, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/WAINA.2014.127"},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Available online: https:\/\/www.layar.com\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Available online: https:\/\/developer.vuforia.com\/."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.junaio.com\/."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1109\/6979.954547","article-title":"LED location beacon system based on processing of digital images","volume":"2","author":"Pang","year":"2001","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Analog Sampling Basics. Available online: http:\/\/www.ni.com\/white-paper\/3016\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Bradski, G., and Kaebler, A. (2008). Learning OpenCV: Computer Vision with the OpenCV Library, O'Reilly."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Structural Analysis and Shape Descriptors: Findcontours. Available online: http:\/\/docs.opencv.org\/modules\/imgproc\/doc\/structural_analysis_and_shape_descriptors.html?highlight=findcontoursfindcontours."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Structural Analysis and Shape Descriptors: Moments. Available online: http:\/\/docs.opencv.org\/modules\/imgproc\/doc\/structural_analysis_and_shape_descriptors.html?highlight=momentsmoments."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1109\/90.769765","article-title":"Consistent overhead byte stuffing","volume":"7","author":"Cheshire","year":"1999","journal-title":"IEEE\/ACM Trans. Netw. TON."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunkels, A., Schmidt, O., Finne, N., Eriksson, J., \u00d6sterlind, F., Tsiftes, N., and Durvy, M. The Contiki OS: The Operating System for the Internet of Things, 2011. Available online: http:\/\/www.contiki-os.org\/.","DOI":"10.1109\/INSS.2012.6240537"},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2012). IEEE Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 15.4: Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 2: Active Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) System Physical Layer (PHY), IEEE."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"(2012). IEEE Draft Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks Part 15.4: Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs) Amendment 1: MAC Sub-Layer, IEEE."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Shelby, Z., and Bormann, C. (2011). 6LoWPAN: The Wireless Embedded Internet, John Wiley & Sons."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Winter, T. RPL: IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks 2012 (RFC 6550). Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc6550."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shelby, Z., Hartke, K., and Bormann, C. The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP) 2014 (RFC 7252). Available online: https:\/\/tools.ietf.org\/html\/rfc7252.","DOI":"10.17487\/rfc7252"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.cel.com\/pdf\/datasheets\/zfsm_201_l_ds.pdf."},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Available online: http:\/\/www.freescale.com\/webapp\/sps\/site\/prod_summary.jsp?code=MC13226V."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Dunkels, A. The uIP Embedded TCP\/IP Stack: 2006. Available online: http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?rep=rep1type=pdfdoi=10.1.1.154.2510."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"FOX Board G20\u2014Linux Embedded SBC. Available online: http:\/\/www.acmesystems.it\/FOXG20."},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"Kovatsch, M. Available online: http:\/\/people.inf.ethz.ch\/mkovatsc\/californium.php."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"OpenGL ES: The Standard for Embedded Accelerated 3D Graphics. Available online: https:\/\/www.khronos.org\/opengles\/."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/7\/16083\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:48:45Z","timestamp":1760215725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/7\/16083"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s150716083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150716083","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,3]]}}}