{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T10:49:52Z","timestamp":1781088592058,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":260,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]],"date-time":"2015-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1436140800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Detection of small molecules or proteins of living cells provides an exceptional opportunity to study genetic variations and functions, cellular behaviors, and various diseases including cancer and microbial infections. Our aim in this review is to give an overview of selected research activities related to nucleic acid-based aptamer techniques that have been reported in the past two decades. Limitations of aptamers and possible approaches to overcome these limitations are also discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150716281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]],"date-time":"2015-07-06T12:21:05Z","timestamp":1436185265000},"page":"16281-16313","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":177,"title":["Nucleic Acid Aptamers: An Emerging Tool for Biotechnology and Biomedical Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ti-Hsuan","family":"Ku","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla,  CA 92093-0418, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0407, USA"},{"name":"College of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"},{"name":"College of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tony","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping-Wei","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemical Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0448, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Hwa","family":"Lo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0407, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1038\/346818a0","article-title":"In vitro selection of RNA molecules that bind specific ligands","volume":"346","author":"Ellington","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200121","article-title":"Systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment: RNA ligands to bacteriophage t4 DNA polymerase","volume":"249","author":"Tuerk","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1016\/S1074-5521(96)90127-1","article-title":"Aptamer structures from a to \u03b6","volume":"3","author":"Feigon","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chem. 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