{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:53:11Z","timestamp":1768434791844,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437523200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Technology Support Program of China","award":["2012BAF12B13"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2012BAF12B13"]}]},{"name":"financial support of the Fundamental Research Funds for Henan Provincial Colleges and Universities in Henan University of Technology","award":["2014YWJC03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014YWJC03"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, an application of a voltammetric electronic tongue for discrimination and prediction of different varieties of rice was investigated. Different pretreatment methods were selected, which were subsequently used for the discrimination of different varieties of rice and prediction of unknown rice samples. To this aim, a voltammetric array of sensors based on metallic electrodes was used as the sensing part. The different samples were analyzed by cyclic voltammetry with two sample-pretreatment methods. Discriminant Factorial Analysis was used to visualize the different categories of rice samples; however, radial basis function (RBF) artificial neural network with  leave-one-out cross-validation method was employed for prediction modeling. The collected signal data were first compressed employing fast Fourier transform (FFT) and then significant features were extracted from the voltammetric signals. The experimental results indicated that the sample solutions obtained by the non-crushed pretreatment method could efficiently meet the effect of discrimination and recognition. The satisfactory prediction results of voltammetric electronic tongue based on RBF artificial neural network were obtained with less than five-fold dilution of the sample solution. The main objective of this study was to develop primary research on the application of an electronic tongue system for the discrimination and prediction of solid foods and provide an objective assessment tool for the food industry.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150717767","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]],"date-time":"2015-07-22T08:45:40Z","timestamp":1437554740000},"page":"17767-17785","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Discrimination of Rice with Different Pretreatment Methods by Using a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qunfeng","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanbo","family":"Hui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electrical Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huali","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Science and Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450007, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1039\/B507589K","article-title":"Advances and challenges in the identification of volatiles that mediate interactions among plants and arthropods","volume":"131","author":"Turlings","year":"2006","journal-title":"Analyst"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-008-0048-4","article-title":"Beta-glucosidase treatment and infestation by the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens elicit similar signaling pathways in rice plants","volume":"53","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"104","article-title":"Rapid detection method for stored Indica rice by electronic nose","volume":"29","author":"Shao","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chin. Cereals Oils Ass."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18114","DOI":"10.3390\/s141018114","article-title":"Estimation of the age and amount of brown rice plant hoppers based on bionic electronic nose use","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2011.07.002","article-title":"Use of electronic nose technology for identifying rice infestation by Nilaparvata lugens","volume":"160","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biosystemseng.2011.03.003","article-title":"Discrimination of different types damage of rice plants by electronic nose","volume":"109","author":"Zhou","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200577111965","article-title":"Nonspecific sensorarrays (electronic tongue) for chemical analysis of liquids (IUPAC Technical Report)","volume":"77","author":"Vlasov","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.09.077","article-title":"Recent achievements in electronic tongue and bioelectronic tongue astaste sensors","volume":"207","author":"Ha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2004.07.026","article-title":"Determination of phenolic compounds by a polyphenol oxidase amperometric biosensor and artificial neural network analysis","volume":"20","author":"Alegret","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.08.019","article-title":"Bioelectronic tongue for the simultaneous determination of urea, creatinine and alkaline ions in clinical samples","volume":"23","author":"Alegre","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosen. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-012-0938-7","article-title":"Comparison of methods for the processing of voltammetric electronic tongues data","volume":"180","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(97)00498-4","article-title":"An electronic tongue based on voltam-metry","volume":"357","author":"Winquist","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1088\/0957-0233\/9\/12\/002","article-title":"Monitoring of freshness of milk by an electronic tongue on the basis of voltammetry","volume":"9","author":"Winquist","year":"1998","journal-title":"Meas. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-2670(99)00767-9","article-title":"A hybridelectronic tongue","volume":"406","author":"Winquist","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(01)00583-4","article-title":"Discrimination of tea by means of a voltammetric electronic tongue and different applied waveforms","volume":"76","author":"Ivarsson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(99)00155-0","article-title":"The combination of an electronic tongueand an electronic nose","volume":"58","author":"Winquist","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S0956-5663(03)00069-1","article-title":"An artificial taste sensor based on conducting polymers","volume":"18","author":"Riul","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00604-010-0351-z","article-title":"A voltammetric electronic tongue made of modified epoxy-graphite electrodes for the qualitative analysis of wine","volume":"169","author":"Pividori","year":"2010","journal-title":"Microchim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"72","article-title":"Voltammetric electronic tongue in the analysis of cava wines","volume":"23","author":"Alegret","year":"2010","journal-title":"Electroanalysis"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2012.02.026","article-title":"Determination of total polyphenol index in wines employing a voltammetric electronic tongue","volume":"732","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2012.11.110","article-title":"Hybrid electronic tongue based on multisensor data fusion for discrimination of beers","volume":"177","author":"Amari","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2010.05.006","article-title":"Prediction of bitterness and alcoholic strength in beer using an electronictongue","volume":"123","author":"Arrieta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2005.09.044","article-title":"Monitoring of the ageing of red wines in oak barrels bymeans of an hybrid electronic tongue","volume":"563","author":"Parra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17770","DOI":"10.3390\/s140917770","article-title":"Voltammetric electronic tongue and support vector machines for identification of selected features in Mexican coffee","volume":"14","author":"Dominguez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.19026\/ajfst.5.3293","article-title":"Application of electronic tongue in edible oil detection with cluster algorithm based on artificial fish swarm improvement","volume":"5","author":"Men","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adv. J Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2010.10.027","article-title":"Multicomponent analysis of drinking water by a voltammetric electronic tongue","volume":"683","author":"Winquist","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.02.023","article-title":"Identification of monofloral honey using voltammetric electronic tongue","volume":"117","author":"Tiwari","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"226","article-title":"Prediction of apparent viscosity of milk with different volume fraction using electronic tongue","volume":"26","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trans. CSAE"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2006.11.006","article-title":"Evaluation of a novel chemical sensor system to detect clinical mastitis in bovine milk","volume":"22","author":"Mottram","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"378","article-title":"Quality assessment of green tea taste by using electronic tongue","volume":"27","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trans. CSAE"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.05.046","article-title":"Classification and prediction of rice wines with different marked ages by using a voltammetric electronic tongue","volume":"26","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"141","article-title":"Evaluation of fish quality and freshness based on the electronic tongue","volume":"24","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trans. CSAE"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.electacta.2008.04.006","article-title":"Evaluation of the polyphenolic content of extra virgin olive oils using an array of voltammetric sensors","volume":"53","author":"Apetrei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electrochim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2007.09.018","article-title":"Direct quantification of test bacteria in synthetic water-polluted samples by square wave voltammetry and chemometric methods","volume":"23","author":"Carpani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2011.12.007","article-title":"Estimation of theaflavin content in black tea using electronic tongue","volume":"110","author":"Ghosh","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2013.04.035","article-title":"Feasibility of the use of disposable optical tongue based on neural networks for heavy metal identification and determination","volume":"783","author":"Cuellar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2008.06.022","article-title":"Automated resolution of dichlorvos and methylparaoxon pesticide mixtures employing a Flow Injection system with an inhibition electronic tongue","volume":"24","author":"Fournier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2013.12.019","article-title":"Comparison of a trained sensory panel and an electronic tongue in the assessment of bitter dairy protein hydrolysates","volume":"128","author":"Newman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Food Eng."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2014.09.081","article-title":"Instrumental measurement of wine sensory descriptors using a voltammetric electronic tongue","volume":"207","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/7\/17767\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:49:34Z","timestamp":1760215774000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/7\/17767"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7]]}},"alternative-id":["s150717767"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150717767","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,22]]}}}