{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T04:15:11Z","timestamp":1780632911423,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]],"date-time":"2015-07-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1437696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"EPSRC","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EP\/L020920\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/L020920\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lab-on-Chip is a technology that could potentially revolutionize medical  Point-of-Care diagnostics. Considerable research effort is focused towards innovating production technologies that will make commercial upscaling financially viable. Printed circuit board manufacturing techniques offer several prospects in this field. Here, we present a novel approach to manufacturing Printed Circuit Board (PCB)-based Ag\/AgCl reference electrodes, an essential component of biosensors. Our prototypes were characterized both structurally and electrically. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) were employed to evaluate the electrode surface characteristics. Electrical characterization was performed to determine stability and pH dependency. Finally, we demonstrate utilization along with PCB pH sensors, as a step towards a fully integrated PCB platform, comparing performance with discrete commercial reference electrodes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150818102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]],"date-time":"2015-07-24T10:44:26Z","timestamp":1437734666000},"page":"18102-18113","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Surface and Electrical Characterization of Ag\/AgCl  Pseudo-Reference Electrodes Manufactured with Commercially Available PCB Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Despina","family":"Moschou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoelectronics and Nanotechnology Research Group, Southampton Nanofabrication Centre, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Trantidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoelectronics and Nanotechnology Research Group, Southampton Nanofabrication Centre, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Regoutz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoelectronics and Nanotechnology Research Group, Southampton Nanofabrication Centre, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Carta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoelectronics and Nanotechnology Research Group, Southampton Nanofabrication Centre, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hywel","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoelectronics and Nanotechnology Research Group, Southampton Nanofabrication Centre, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Themistoklis","family":"Prodromakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nanoelectronics and Nanotechnology Research Group, Southampton Nanofabrication Centre, Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, SO17 1BJ Southampton, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05058","article-title":"The origins and the future of microfluidics","volume":"442","author":"Whitesides","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nature05064","article-title":"Microfluidic diagnostic technologies for global public health","volume":"442","author":"Yager","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1039\/c001195a","article-title":"Lab-on-a-foil: Microfluidics on thin and flexible films","volume":"10","author":"Focke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lab Chip"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klemm, R., Hlawatsch, N., G\u00e4rtner, C., Jung, M., H\u00f6th, J., O'Sullivan, C., and Becker, H. 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