{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T13:27:50Z","timestamp":1773840470608,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]],"date-time":"2015-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1438041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this paper, we propose an AlGaN\/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT)-based biosensor for the detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) using a  null-balancing circuit. A null-balancing circuit was used to measure the output voltage of the sensor directly. The output voltage of the proposed biosensor was varied by antigen-antibody interactions on the gate surface due to CRP charges. The AlGaN\/GaN HFET-based biosensor with null-balancing circuit applied shows that CRP can be detected in a wide range of concentrations, varying from 10 ng\/mL to 1000 ng\/mL. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was carried out to verify the immobilization of self-assembled monolayer with Au on the gated region.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150818416","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]],"date-time":"2015-07-28T10:14:12Z","timestamp":1438078452000},"page":"18416-18426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["AlGaN\/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistor-Based Biosensor for the Detection of C-Reactive Protein"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyunpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu,  Daegu 702-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Myunghan","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyunpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu,  Daegu 702-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Sung-Hyun","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyunpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu,  Daegu 702-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jang-Kyoo","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyunpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu,  Daegu 702-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Dong","family":"Son","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyunpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu,  Daegu 702-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Chul-Ho","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyunpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu,  Daegu 702-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Hyun-Min","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyunpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu,  Daegu 702-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Jung-Hee","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyunpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu,  Daegu 702-701, Korea"}]},{"given":"Shin-Won","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronics Engineering, Kyunpook National University, 80 Daehakro, Buk-gu,  Daegu 702-701, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(99)80023-9","article-title":"The physiological structure of human C-reactive protein and its complex with phosphocholine","volume":"7","author":"Thompson","year":"1999","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48487","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.R400025200","article-title":"C-reactive protein","volume":"279","author":"Black","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1019","DOI":"10.1016\/S0736-4679(99)00135-3","article-title":"The C-reactive protein","volume":"17","author":"Clyne","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(85)90224-8","article-title":"Use of whole Streptococcus pneumoniae cells as a solid phase sorbent for C-reactive protein measurement by ELISA","volume":"82","author":"Barka","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-8981(02)00172-9","article-title":"Development of ELISA on microplate for serum C-reactive protein and establishment of age-dependent normal reference range","volume":"322","author":"Wu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11335","DOI":"10.3390\/s111211335","article-title":"Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay for C-Reactive Protein Using Colloidal Semiconducting Nanoparticles","volume":"11","author":"Toivonen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9442","DOI":"10.3390\/s111009442","article-title":"Self-Assembled Films of Dendrimers and Metallophthalocyanines as FET-Based Glucose Biosensors","volume":"11","author":"Vieira","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.3390\/s120403952","article-title":"A CMOS-Compatible Poly-Si Nanowire Device with Hybrid Sensor\/Memory Characteristics for System-on-Chip Applications","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1109\/16.297751","article-title":"Wide Bandgap Compound Semiconductors for Superior High-Voltage Unipolar Power Devices","volume":"41","author":"Chow","year":"1994","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Electron Devices"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1109\/LED.2005.860884","article-title":"AlGaN\/GaN MIS-HFETs with fT of 163 GHz using cat-CVD SiN gate-insulating and passivation layers","volume":"27","author":"Higashiwaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Electron Device Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122102-1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.2354491","article-title":"Electrical Detection of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Hybridization With AlGaN\/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors","volume":"89","author":"Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"023508-1","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1994951","article-title":"Electrical detection of immobilized proteins with ungated AlGaN\/GaN high-electron-mobility Transistors","volume":"87","author":"Kang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1109\/TNB.2014.2318234","article-title":"Direct Label-Free Electrical Immunodetection of Transplant Rejection Protein Biomarker in Physiological Buffer Using Floating Gate AlGaN\/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors","volume":"13","author":"Tulip","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Nanobiosci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"435","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(97)80017-2","article-title":"A new pH-ISFET based dissolved oxygen sensor by employing electrolysis of oxygen","volume":"34","author":"Sohn","year":"1996","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4005(99)00136-7","article-title":"New ISFET sensor interface circuit for biomedical applications","volume":"57","author":"Santos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J., Lee, H.H., Ahn, J., Seo, S.H., and Shin, J.K. (2012). Differential-Mode Biosensor Using Dual Extended-Gate Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 51.","DOI":"10.1143\/JJAP.51.06FG05"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1166\/sl.2011.1440","article-title":"Offset-Free Differential-Mode Bio-Sensing System Using Dual MOSFETs with Au Gate","volume":"9","author":"Cho","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2011.07.062","article-title":"MOSFET-BJT hybrid mode of the gated lateral bipolar junction transistor for C-reactive protein detection","volume":"28","author":"Yuan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bios.2012.08.047","article-title":"CRP detection from serum for chip-based point-of-care testing system","volume":"41","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biosens. Bioelectron."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2538","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0805299","article-title":"A Sensitive Cardiac Troponin T Assay in Stable Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"361","author":"Omland","year":"2009","journal-title":"New Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5219","DOI":"10.1021\/ja029450c","article-title":"Quantitative Analysis and Characterization of DNA Immobilized on Gold","volume":"125","author":"Petrovykh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.1002\/pssa.201001090","article-title":"AlGaN\/GaN FET for DNA hybridization detection","volume":"208","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phys. Status Solidi A Appl. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2006.01.018","article-title":"An extended gate FET-based biosensor integrated with a Si microfluidic channel for detection of protein complexes","volume":"117","author":"Kim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuator B Chem."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/8\/18416\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:49:51Z","timestamp":1760215791000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/8\/18416"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["s150818416"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150818416","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,28]]}}}