{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:23:48Z","timestamp":1760243028604,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,27]],"date-time":"2015-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In general, dirty banknotes that have creases or soiled surfaces should be replaced by new banknotes, whereas clean banknotes should be recirculated. Therefore, the accurate classification of banknote fitness when sorting paper currency is an important and challenging task. Most previous research has focused on sensors that used visible, infrared, and ultraviolet light. Furthermore, there was little previous research on the fitness classification for Indian paper currency. Therefore, we propose a new method for classifying the fitness of Indian banknotes, with a one-dimensional line image sensor that uses only visible light. The fitness of banknotes is usually determined by various factors such as soiling, creases, and tears, etc. although we just consider banknote soiling in our research. This research is novel in the following four ways: first, there has been little research conducted on fitness classification for the Indian Rupee using visible-light images. Second, the classification is conducted based on the features extracted from the regions of interest (ROIs), which contain little texture. Third, 1-level discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) is used to extract the features for discriminating between fit and unfit banknotes. Fourth, the optimal DWT features that represent the fitness and unfitness of banknotes are selected based on linear regression analysis with ground-truth data measured by densitometer. In addition, the selected features are used as the inputs to a support vector machine (SVM) for the final classification of banknote fitness. Experimental results showed that our method outperforms other methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150921016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,27]],"date-time":"2015-08-27T10:03:37Z","timestamp":1440669817000},"page":"21016-21032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Recognizing Banknote Fitness with a Visible Light One Dimensional Line Image Sensor"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tuyen","family":"Pham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil,  Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil,  Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil,  Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dat","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil,  Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Husan","family":"Vokhidov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil,  Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil,  Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dae","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil,  Jung-gu, Seoul 100-715, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sungsoo","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kisan Electronics, Sungsoo 2-ga 3-dong, Sungdong-gu, Seoul 133-831, Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geusebroek, J.M., Markus, P., and Balke, P. (2011, January 28\u201329). Learning Banknote Fitness for Sorting. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Analysis and Intelligent Robotics, Putrajaya, Malaysia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICPAIR.2011.5976909"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"De Heij, H. (2002, January 27\u201330). Durable Banknotes: An Overview. Presented at the BPC\/Paper Committee to the BPC\/General Meeting, Prague, Czech."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Balke, P. (2011, January 21\u201323). From Fit to Unfit: How Banknotes Become Soiled. Proceedings of the Fourth International Scientific and Practical Conference on Security Printing Watermark Conference, Rostov-on-Don, Russia."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Buitelaar, T. (2008, January 28\u201329). The Colour of Soil. Presented at the DNB Cash Seminar, Amsterdam, The Netherlands."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Balke, P., Geusebroek, J.M., and Markus, P. (2012, January 18\u201320). BRAIN2\u2014Machine Learning to Measure Banknote Fitness. Proceedings of the Optical Document Security Conference, San Francisco, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"99","article-title":"Euro banknote recognition system using a three-layered perceptron and RBF networks","volume":"44","author":"Aoba","year":"2003","journal-title":"IPSJ Trans. Math. Model. Appl."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, K., Peng, S., and Li, S. (2008, January 20\u201322). A Classification Method for the Dirty Factor of Banknotes Based on Neural Network with Sine Basis Functions. Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Computation Technology and Automation, Hunan, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICICTA.2008.35"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-45652-1_14","article-title":"Recognizing Bangladeshi currency for visually impaired","volume":"481","author":"Rahman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Commun. Comput. Inform. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"1","article-title":"A robust side invariant technique of Indian paper currency recognition","volume":"1","author":"Chetan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Eng. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Verma, K., Singh, B.K., and Agarwal, A. (2011, January 8\u201310). Indian Currency Recognition Based on Texture Analysis. Proceedings of the Nirma University International Conference on Engineering, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India.","DOI":"10.1109\/NUiConE.2011.6153231"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"24","article-title":"Recognition of Indian paper currency based on LBP","volume":"59","author":"Sharma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"152","article-title":"A novel approach of embedded system for Indian paper currency recognition","volume":"1","author":"Pathrabe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Trends Technol."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"53","article-title":"An automated recognition of fake or destroyed Indian currency notes in machine vision","volume":"12","author":"Sanjana","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Sci. Manag. Stud."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Choi, E., Lee, J., and Yoon, J. (2006, January 20\u201324). Feature Extraction for Bank Note Classification Using Wavelet Transform. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition, Hong Kong, China."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ahangaryan, F.P., Mohammadpour, T., and Kianisarkaleh, A. (2012, January 23\u201325). Persian Banknote Recognition Using Wavelet and Neural Network. Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Science and Electronics Engineering, Hangzhou, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICCSEE.2012.294"},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Gonzalez, R.C., and Woods, R.E. (2010). Digital Image Processing, Prentice Hall. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsp.2013.04.001","article-title":"Fake finger-vein image detection based on fourier and wavelet transforms","volume":"23","author":"Nguyen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Digit. Signal. Process."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Simple Linear Regression. Available online: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Simple_linear_regression."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Coefficient of Determination. Available online: http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Coefficient_of_determination."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Densitometer. Available online: http:\/\/www.xrite.com\/documents\/literature\/gmb\/en\/100_d19_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"State Bank of India, Request for Proposal. Available online: http:\/\/www.sbi.co.in\/portal\/web\/home\/tenders-awarded."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Hsu, C.W., Chang, C.C., and Lin, C.J. (2003). A Practical Guide to Support. Vector Classification, Technical Report for National Taiwan University."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1145\/1961189.1961199","article-title":"LIBSVM: A library for support vector machines","volume":"2","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACM Trans. Intell. Syst. Technol."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Hagan, M.T., Demuth, H.B., and Beale, M.H. (1995). Neural Network Design, PWS Publishing Co."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/9\/21016\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:30Z","timestamp":1760215650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/9\/21016"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,27]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s150921016"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150921016","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,27]]}}}