{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T21:16:34Z","timestamp":1760217394770,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,27]],"date-time":"2015-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The railway occupies a fairly important position in transportation due to its high speed and strong transportation capability. As a consequence, it is a key issue to guarantee continuous running and transportation safety of trains. Meanwhile, time consumption of the diagnosis procedure is of extreme importance for the detecting system. However, most of the current adopted techniques in the wayside acoustic defective bearing detector system (ADBD) are offline strategies, which means that the signal is analyzed after the sampling process. This would result in unavoidable time latency. Besides, the acquired acoustic signal would be corrupted by the Doppler effect because of high relative speed between the train and the data acquisition system (DAS). Thus, it is difficult to effectively diagnose the bearing defects immediately. In this paper, a new strategy called online Doppler effect elimination (ODEE) is proposed to remove the Doppler distortion online by the introduced unequal interval sampling scheme. The steps of proposed strategy are as follows: The essential parameters are acquired in advance. Then, the introduced unequal time interval sampling strategy is used to restore the Doppler distortion signal, and the amplitude of the signal is demodulated as well. Thus, the restored Doppler-free signal is obtained online. The proposed ODEE method has been employed in simulation analysis. Ultimately, the ODEE method is implemented in the embedded system for fault diagnosis of the train bearing. The results are in good accordance with the bearing defects, which verifies the good performance of the proposed strategy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150921075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,27]],"date-time":"2015-08-27T10:03:37Z","timestamp":1440669817000},"page":"21075-21098","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Online Doppler Effect Elimination Based on Unequal Time Interval Sampling for Wayside Acoustic Bearing Fault Detecting System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Kesai","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Siliang","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Shangbin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Qingbo","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]},{"given":"Fanrang","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eswa.2010.12.095","article-title":"EEMD method and WNN for fault diagnosis of locomotive roller bearings","volume":"38","author":"Lei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert Syst. Appl."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choe, H.C., Wan, Y., and Chan, A.K. (1997). Neural pattern identification of railroad wheel-bearing faults from audible acoustic signals: Comparison of FFT, CWT, and DWT features. Proc. SPIE, 3078.","DOI":"10.1117\/12.271772"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"106","article-title":"Sequential multiscale noise tuning stochastic resonance for train bearing fault diagnosis in an embedded system","volume":"63","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"TIM"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, R., and Gao, R.X. (2008). Rotary machine health diagnosis based on empirical mode decomposition. J. Vib. Acoust., 130.","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2827360"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1177\/1475921705049764","article-title":"Structural health monitoring in the railway industry: A review","volume":"4","author":"Barke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Struct. Health Monit."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1016\/j.triboint.2005.03.012","article-title":"A study of information technology used in oil monitoring","volume":"38","author":"Yan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Tribol. Int."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Newman, R.R., Leedham, R.C., Tabacchi, J., Purta, D., Maderer, G.G., and Galli, R. (1990, January 17\u201319). Hot bearing detection with the SMART-BOLT. Technical Papers, Proceedings of the 1990 ASME\/IEEE Joint Railroad Conference, Chicago, IL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/RRCON.1990.171667"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Smith, D.L. (1998, January 15\u201316). A wayside inspection station [railways]. Proceedings of the 1998 ASME\/IEEE Joint Railroad Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2012.07.045","article-title":"Continuous-scale mathematical morphology-based optimal scale band demodulation of impulsive feature for bearing defect diagnosis","volume":"331","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2007.01.035","article-title":"An analysis method for the vibration signal with amplitude modulation in a bearing system","volume":"303","author":"Sheen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4956","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2012.05.035","article-title":"A new blind fault component separation algorithm for a single-channel mechanical signal mixture","volume":"331","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apacoust.2008.01.005","article-title":"Observations of changes in acoustic emission waveform for varying seeded defect sizes in a rolling element bearing","volume":"70","author":"Hamzah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1537","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2004.10.013","article-title":"A comparative experimental study on the use of acoustic emission and vibration analysis for bearing defect identification and estimation of defect size","volume":"20","author":"Mba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0583102405059054","article-title":"Development of acoustic emission technology for condition monitoring and diagnosis of rotating machines; bearings, pumps, gearboxes, engines and rotating structures","volume":"38","author":"Mba","year":"2006","journal-title":"Shock Vib. Dig."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Wei, Z., Habetler, T.G., and Harley, R.G. (2007, January 6\u20138). Bearing condition monitoring methods for electric machines: A general review. Proceedings of the 2007 IEEE International Symposium on Diagnostics for Electric Machines, Power Electronics and Drives, Cracow, Poland."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donelson, J., and Dicus, R.L. (2002, January 23\u201325). Bearing defect detection using on-board accelerometer measurements. Proceedings of the ASME\/IEEE 2002 Joint Rail Conference, Washington, DC, USA.","DOI":"10.1115\/RTD2002-1645"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2012.03.007","article-title":"Heath monitoring of a glass transfer robot in the mass production line of liquid crystal display using abnormal operating sounds based on wavelet packet transform and artificial neural network","volume":"331","author":"Kim","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2012.03.008","article-title":"A fault diagnosis scheme of rolling element bearing based on near-field acoustic holography and gray level co-occurrence matrix","volume":"331","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"39","article-title":"Development and deployment of advanced wayside condition monitoring systems","volume":"39","author":"Irani","year":"2002","journal-title":"Foreign Roll. Stock"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Cline, J.E., Bilodeau, J.R., and Smith, R.L. (1998, January 15\u201316). Acoustic wayside identification of freight car roller bearing defects. Proceedings of the 1998 ASME\/IEEE Joint Railroad Conference, Philadelphia, PA, USA."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2012.03.003","article-title":"Reduction of doppler effect for the needs of wayside condition monitoring system of railway vehicles","volume":"38","author":"Radkowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5635","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsv.2013.05.026","article-title":"Wayside acoustic diagnosis of defective train bearings based on signal resampling and information enhancement","volume":"332","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Sound Vib."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymssp.2014.02.001","article-title":"Doppler effect reduction based on time-domain interpolation resampling for wayside acoustic defective bearing detector system","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mech. Syst. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8096","DOI":"10.3390\/s140508096","article-title":"Wayside bearing fault diagnosis based on a data-driven doppler effect eliminator and transient model analysis","volume":"14","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15726","DOI":"10.3390\/s131115726","article-title":"A doppler transient model based on the laplace wavelet and spectrum correlation assessment for locomotive bearing fault diagnosis","volume":"13","author":"Shen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1977.10771","article-title":"The shannon sampling theorem\u2014its various extensions and applications: A tutorial review","volume":"65","author":"Jerri","year":"1977","journal-title":"IEEE Proc."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Morse, P.M., and Ingard, K.U. (1987). Theoretical Acoustics, Princeton University Press."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1456906","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of gear and bearing faults","volume":"124","author":"Antoni","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Vib. Acoust."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1569940","article-title":"A stochastic model for simulation and diagnostics of rolling element bearings with localized faults","volume":"125","author":"Antoni","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Vib. Acoust."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/9\/21075\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:47:30Z","timestamp":1760215650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/9\/21075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,27]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9]]}},"alternative-id":["s150921075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s150921075","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,27]]}}}