{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T17:56:32Z","timestamp":1777571792988,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]],"date-time":"2015-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1440979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors are comprehensively recognized as a structural stability monitoring device for all kinds of geo-materials by either embedding into or bonding onto the structural entities. The physical model in geotechnical engineering, which could accurately simulate the construction processes and the effects on the stability of underground caverns on the basis of satisfying the similarity principles, is an actual physical entity. Using a physical model test of underground caverns in Shuangjiangkou Hydropower Station, FBG sensors were used to determine how to model the small displacements of some key monitoring points in the large-scale physical model during excavation. In the process of building the test specimen, it is most successful to embed FBG sensors in the physical model through making an opening and adding some quick-set silicon. The experimental results show that the FBG sensor has higher measuring accuracy than other conventional sensors like electrical resistance strain gages and extensometers. The experimental results are also in good agreement with the numerical simulation results. In conclusion, FBG sensors could effectively measure small displacements of monitoring points in the whole process of the physical model test. The experimental results reveal the deformation and failure characteristics of the surrounding rock mass and make some guidance for the in situ engineering construction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150921696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T10:55:58Z","timestamp":1441104958000},"page":"21696-21709","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Structural Stability Monitoring of a Physical Model Test on  an Underground Cavern Group during Deep Excavations  Using FBG Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-7524","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical & Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanpeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical & Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weishen","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical & Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shucai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geotechnical & Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"15","article-title":"Systematic analysis of underground cavern groups in background for Ertan project","volume":"1","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. 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