{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T15:36:16Z","timestamp":1782833776373,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]],"date-time":"2015-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441756800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We present a small and lightweight fully wireless optogenetic headstage capable of optical neural stimulation and electrophysiological recording. The headstage is suitable for conducting experiments with small transgenic rodents, and features two implantable fiber-coupled light-emitting diode (LED) and two electrophysiological recording channels. This system is powered by a small lithium-ion battery and is entirely built using low-cost commercial off-the-shelf components for better flexibility, reduced development time and lower cost. Light stimulation uses customizable stimulation patterns of varying frequency and duty cycle. The optical power that is sourced from the LED is delivered to target  light-sensitive neurons using implantable optical fibers, which provide a measured optical power density of 70 mW\/mm2 at the tip. The headstage is using a novel foldable rigid-flex printed circuit board design, which results into a lightweight and compact device. Recording experiments performed in the cerebral cortex of transgenic ChR2 mice under anesthetized conditions show that the proposed headstage can trigger neuronal activity using optical stimulation, while recording microvolt amplitude electrophysiological signals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150922776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]],"date-time":"2015-09-09T13:16:18Z","timestamp":1441804578000},"page":"22776-22797","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["A Wireless Optogenetic Headstage with Multichannel Electrophysiological Recording Capability"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gabriel","family":"Gagnon-Turcotte","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Kisomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reza","family":"Ameli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles-Olivier","family":"Camaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoan","family":"LeChasseur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doric Lenses Inc., Quebec, QC G1P 4N7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Luc","family":"N\u00e9ron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doric Lenses Inc., Quebec, QC G1P 4N7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Bareil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Doric Lenses Inc., Quebec, QC G1P 4N7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Fortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cyril","family":"Bories","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yves","family":"De Koninck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut Universitaire en Sant\u00e9 Mentale de Qu\u00e9bec, Quebec, QC G1J 2G3, Canada"},{"name":"Centre d'Optique, Photonique et Laser (COPL), Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry & Neuroscience, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benoit","family":"Gosselin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Universit\u00e9 Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2010.055731","article-title":"Optogenetic probing of functional brain circuitry","volume":"96","author":"Mancuso","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. 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