{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T23:50:21Z","timestamp":1773445821980,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004233","name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SP20150050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP20150050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004233","name":"Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SP20140730"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SP20140730"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004233","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Several systems have been proposed to monitor wireless sensor networks (WSN). These systems may be active (causing a high degree of intrusion) or passive (low observability inside the nodes). This paper presents the implementation of an active hybrid (hardware and software) monitor with low intrusion. It is based on the addition to the sensor node of a monitor node (hardware part) which, through a standard interface, is able to receive the monitoring information sent by a piece of software executed in the sensor node. The intrusion on time, code, and energy caused in the sensor nodes by the monitor is evaluated as a function of data size and the interface used. Then different interfaces, commonly available in sensor nodes, are evaluated: serial transmission (USART), serial peripheral interface (SPI), and parallel. The proposed hybrid monitor provides highly detailed information, barely disturbed by the measurement tool (interference), about the behavior of the WSN that may be used to evaluate many properties such as performance, dependability, security, etc. Monitor nodes are self-powered and may be removed after  the monitoring campaign to be reused in other campaigns and\/or WSNs. No other  hardware-independent monitoring platforms with such low interference have been found in the literature.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150923927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,21]],"date-time":"2015-09-21T02:25:40Z","timestamp":1442802340000},"page":"23927-23952","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Active Low Intrusion Hybrid Monitor for Wireless  Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9775-3778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlon","family":"Navia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Computer Science School, Escuela Superior Polit\u00e9cnica Agropecuaria de Manab\u00ed (ESPAM MFL), 10 de Agosto and Granda Centeno Street, No. 82, 130607 Calceta, Ecuador"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0558-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jose","family":"Campelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUI ITACA, Sensor Networks Lab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Bonastre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUI ITACA, Sensor Networks Lab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafael","family":"Ors","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUI ITACA, Sensor Networks Lab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0558-7683","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Capella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUI ITACA, Sensor Networks Lab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3879-9826","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IUI ITACA, Sensor Networks Lab, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Val\u00e8ncia, Camino de Vera, s\/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Patel, M., and Aggarwal, A. 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