{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T02:38:00Z","timestamp":1761964680413,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the present paper, a fuzzy controller applied to a Variable-Speed Drive (VSD) for use in Photovoltaic Pumping Systems (PVPS) is proposed. The fuzzy logic system (FLS) used is embedded in a microcontroller and corresponds to a proportional-derivative controller. A Light-Dependent Resistor (LDR) is used to measure, approximately, the irradiance incident on the PV array. Experimental tests are executed using an Arduino board. The experimental results show that the fuzzy controller is capable of operating the system continuously throughout the day and controlling the direct current (DC) voltage level in the VSD with a good performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s150924445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]],"date-time":"2015-09-22T15:36:54Z","timestamp":1442936214000},"page":"24445-24457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Using LDR as Sensing Element for an External Fuzzy Controller Applied in Photovoltaic Pumping Systems with Variable-Speed Drives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Geraldo","family":"Maranh\u00e3o","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Amap\u00e1 (Unifap),  Rod. Juscelino Kubischeck, km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macap\u00e1, Amap\u00e1 68903-419, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Alaan","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ci\u00eancias Exatas e Tecnol\u00f3gicas, Universidade Federal do Amap\u00e1 (Unifap),  Rod. Juscelino Kubischeck, km 02, Jardim Marco Zero, Macap\u00e1, Amap\u00e1 68903-419, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Anderson","family":"Leal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Guam\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9ssica","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Guam\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66075-110, Brazil"}]},{"given":"Wilson","family":"Mac\u00eado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Par\u00e1 (UFPA), Rua Augusto Corr\u00eaa, 01, Guam\u00e1, Bel\u00e9m, Par\u00e1 66075-110, Brazil"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2014.11.019","article-title":"A Review on Development of Photovoltaic Water P\u00f9mping System","volume":"43","author":"Periasamy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rser.2013.04.012","article-title":"Renewable energy source water pumping systems\u2014A literature review","volume":"25","author":"Gopal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.701","article-title":"Specification and testing of PV pumps at a Moroccan project","volume":"14","author":"Narvarte","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt.: Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.666","article-title":"Systematized procedure for parameter characterization of a variable-speed drive used in photovoltaic pumping applications","volume":"14","author":"Brito","year":"2006","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt.: Res. 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Appl."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1109\/41.969416","article-title":"Fuzzy optimization for rotor constant identification of an indirect FOC induction motor drive","volume":"48","author":"Bim","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron."},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Deng, J., and Tu, L. (2006, January 25\u201328). Improvement of Direct Torque Control Low-speed Performance by Using Fuzzy Logic Technique. Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, Luoyang, China."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1590\/S0103-17592006000300010","article-title":"Uma abordagem neural para estimativa de conjugado em motores de indu\u00e7\u00e3o","volume":"17","author":"Goedtel","year":"2006","journal-title":"Revista Controle Automa\u00e7\u00e3o"},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Oh, W.S., Cho, K.M., Kim, S., and Kim, H.J. (2006, January 23\u201326). Optimized neural network speed control of induction motor using genetic algorithm. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Power Eletronics, Electrical Drives, Automation and Motion, Taormina, Italy."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsr.2006.01.006","article-title":"Load torque identification in induction motor using neural networks technique","volume":"77","author":"Goedtel","year":"2007","journal-title":"Electr. Power Syst. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijepes.2011.12.006","article-title":"Maximum power point tracking using fuzzy logic control","volume":"39","author":"Algazar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Electr. Power Energy Syst."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.05.062","article-title":"Implemantation of MPPT fuzzy controller for photovoltaic systems on FPGA circuit","volume":"6","author":"Chekred","year":"2011","journal-title":"Energy Procedia"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1002\/pip.710","article-title":"PV pumping systems: A useful tool to check operational performance","volume":"15","author":"Brito","year":"2007","journal-title":"Prog. Photovolt.: Res. 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