{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T09:30:56Z","timestamp":1766136656272,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]],"date-time":"2015-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"ARTEMIS-JU","award":["295372"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["295372"]}]},{"name":"Ministerio de Industria, Energ\u00eda y Turismo of Spain","award":["ART-010000-2012-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ART-010000-2012-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) may be deployed in failure-prone environments, and WSNs nodes easily fail due to unreliable wireless connections, malicious attacks and resource-constrained features. Nevertheless, if WSNs can tolerate at most losing k - 1 nodes while the rest of nodes remain connected, the network is called k - connected. k is one of the most important indicators for WSNs\u2019 self-healing capability. Following a WSN design flow, this paper surveys resilience issues from the topology control and multi-path routing point of view. This paper provides a discussion on transmission and failure models, which have an important impact on research results. Afterwards, this paper reviews theoretical results and representative topology control approaches to guarantee WSNs to be k - connected at three different network deployment stages: pre-deployment, post-deployment and re-deployment. Multi-path routing protocols are discussed, and many NP-complete or NP-hard problems regarding topology control are identified. The challenging open issues are discussed at the end. This paper can serve as a guideline to design resilient WSNs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151024735","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,28]],"date-time":"2015-09-28T03:02:55Z","timestamp":1443409375000},"page":"24735-24770","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["ResilientWireless Sensor Networks Using Topology Control: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuanjiang","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00edas Software y Sistemas Multimedia para la Sostenibilidad (CITSEM), Campus Sur Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Ctra. de Valencia, km. 7. 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9-Fern\u00e1n","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00edas Software y Sistemas Multimedia para la Sostenibilidad (CITSEM), Campus Sur Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Ctra. de Valencia, km. 7. 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juana","family":"Sendra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00edas Software y Sistemas Multimedia para la Sostenibilidad (CITSEM), Campus Sur Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Ctra. de Valencia, km. 7. 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6049-1257","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourdes","family":"L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Tecnolog\u00edas Software y Sistemas Multimedia para la Sostenibilidad (CITSEM), Campus Sur Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid (UPM), Ctra. de Valencia, km. 7. 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comnet.2008.04.002","article-title":"Wireless sensor network survey","volume":"52","author":"Yick","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. 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