{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T03:46:52Z","timestamp":1777434412638,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A novel fusion-based ship detection method from polarimetric Synthetic Aperture Radar (Pol-SAR) images is proposed in this paper. After feature extraction and constant false alarm rate (CFAR) detection, the detection results of HH channel, diplane scattering by Pauli decomposition and helical factor by Barnes decomposition are fused together. The confirmed targets and potential target pixels can be obtained after the fusion process. Using the difference degree of the target, potential target pixels can be classified. The fusion-based ship detection method works accurately by utilizing three different features comprehensively. The result of applying the technique to measured Airborne Synthetic Radar (AIRSAR) data shows that the novel detection method can achieve better performance in both ship\u2019s detection and ship\u2019s shape preservation compared to the result of K-means clustering method and the Notch Filter method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151025072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]],"date-time":"2015-09-29T11:05:55Z","timestamp":1443524755000},"page":"25072-25089","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A Novel Fusion-Based Ship Detection Method from  Pol-SAR Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Wenguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxia","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lucent Technology Investment Limited, Beijing 100073, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1109\/36.368224","article-title":"Localized radon transform-based detection of ship wakes in SAR Images","volume":"33","author":"Copeland","year":"1995","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.1997.10874677","article-title":"Ship detection by the RADARSAT SAR: Validation of detection model predictions","volume":"23","author":"Vachon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.5589\/m04-056","article-title":"Improved ship detection with airborne polarimetric SAR data","volume":"31","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Touzi, R., Charbonneau, F., Hawkins, R.K., Murnaghan, K., and Kavoun, X. (2001, January 9\u201313). Ship-sea contrast optimization when using polarimetric SARs. Proceedings of the IGARSS\u2019 01, Sydney, Australia.","DOI":"10.4095\/219781"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Ringrose, R., and Harris, N. (1999, January 26\u201329). Ship detection using polarimetric SAR data. Proceedings of the CEOS SAR workshop, Toulouse, France."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1109\/36.499784","article-title":"Simulated polarimetric signatures of primitive geometrical shapes","volume":"34","author":"Cameron","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2507","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2002.805070","article-title":"Characterization of target symmetric scattering using polarimetric SARs","volume":"40","author":"Touzi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2012.2198931","article-title":"Reflection symmetry for polarimetric observation of man-made metallic targets at sea","volume":"37","author":"Nunziata","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1109\/JOE.2012.2210800","article-title":"On the COSMO-SkyMed PingPong Mode to observe metallic targets at sea","volume":"38","author":"Nunziata","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Ocean. Eng."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/07038992.2001.10854875","article-title":"Ocean surveillance with polarimetric SAR","volume":"27","author":"Yeremy","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.3390\/s90201221","article-title":"Improving ship detection with polarimetric SAR based on 2-D convolution between co-polarization channels","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"769","article-title":"A new ship detection method based on polarimetric SAR classification","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Electron."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2247741","article-title":"A notch filter for ship detection with polarimetric SAR data","volume":"6","author":"Marino","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4578","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2015.2402312","article-title":"Statistical tests for a ship detector based on the Polarimetric Notch Filter","volume":"53","author":"Marino","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2012.2236337","article-title":"Azimuth ambiguities removal for ship detection using full polarimetric X-Band SAR data","volume":"52","author":"Velotto","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4729","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2011.2158828","article-title":"A multifrequency polarimetric SAR processing chain to observe oil fields in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"49","author":"Migliaccio","year":"2011","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Polarimetry Tutorial Part 1-Tutorial on Radar Polarimetry: Polarimetric Decomposition. Available online: https:\/\/earth.esa.int\/web\/polsarpro\/polarimetry-tutorial."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Wang, W.G., Wang, J., and Mao, S.Y. (2006, January 16\u201318). Classification of polarimetric SAR images based on difference degree. Proceedings of the EUSAR, Dresden, Germany."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, F., Wang, W.G., Xing, K.Q., and Lin, X.X. (2012, January 21\u201325). The ship discrimination based on D-S evidence theory. Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Signal Processing, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICoSP.2012.6491950"}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/10\/25072\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:49:26Z","timestamp":1760215766000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/10\/25072"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s151025072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s151025072","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,29]]}}}