{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T17:09:30Z","timestamp":1782320970300,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010801","name":"Xunta de Galicia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R2014\/037"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R2014\/037"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003329","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda y Competitividad","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TEC2013-47141-C4-1-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TEC2013-47141-C4-1-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inductive Loop Detectors (ILDs) are the most commonly used sensors in traffic management systems. This paper shows that some spectral features extracted from the Fourier Transform (FT) of inductive signatures do not depend on the vehicle speed. Such a property is used to propose a novel method for vehicle classification based on only one signature acquired from a sensor single-loop, in contrast to standard methods using two sensor loops. Our proposal will be evaluated by means of real inductive signatures captured with our hardware prototype.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151027201","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]],"date-time":"2015-10-26T12:48:03Z","timestamp":1445863683000},"page":"27201-27214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Vehicle Classification Using the Discrete Fourier Transform with Traffic Inductive Sensors"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Lamas-Seco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Tecnolox\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica e Comunicaci\u00f3ns (GTEC), Departamento de Electr\u00f3nica e Sistemas, Facultade de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus da Coru\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0521-3465","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Tecnolox\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica e Comunicaci\u00f3ns (GTEC), Departamento de Electr\u00f3nica e Sistemas, Facultade de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus da Coru\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7362-6854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriana","family":"Dapena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Tecnolox\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica e Comunicaci\u00f3ns (GTEC), Departamento de Electr\u00f3nica e Sistemas, Facultade de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus da Coru\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Vazquez-Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grupo de Tecnolox\u00eda Electr\u00f3nica e Comunicaci\u00f3ns (GTEC), Departamento de Electr\u00f3nica e Sistemas, Facultade de Inform\u00e1tica, Universidade da Coru\u00f1a, Campus da Coru\u00f1a, 15071 A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1080\/15472450.2013.801708","article-title":"Improved Speed Estimation From Single-Loop Detectors with High Truck Flow","volume":"18","author":"Coifmanab","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.3141\/1804-14","article-title":"Real-Time Traffic Measurement from Single Loop Inductive Signatures","volume":"1804","author":"Oh","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gajda, J., Sroka, R., Stencel, M., Wajda, A., and Zeglen, T. (2001, January 21\u201323). A vehicle classification based on inductive loop detectors. Proceedings of the 18th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (IMTC), Budapest, Hungary."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3141\/2380-08","article-title":"Wavelet-k Nearest Neighbor Vehicle Classification Approach with Inductive Loop Signatures","volume":"2380","author":"Jeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3141\/2086-02","article-title":"Real-Time Vehicle Classification Using Inductive Loop Signature Data","volume":"2086","author":"Jeng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ndoye, M., Totten, V., Carter, B., Bullock, D., and Krogmeier, J. (2008, January 13\u201317). Vehicle Detector Signature Processing and Vehicle Reidentification for Travel Time Estimation. Proceedings of the 87th Annual Meeting of Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-947X(1999)125:6(531)","article-title":"Individual Vehicle Speed Estimation Using Single Loop Inductive Waveforms","volume":"125","author":"Sun","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Transp. Eng."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3141\/1727-15","article-title":"Freeway Traffic Speed Estimation with Single-Loop Outputs","volume":"1727","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1109\/TITS.2013.2255038","article-title":"An Efficient Multiple-Loop Sensor Configuration Applicable for Undisciplined Traffic","volume":"14","author":"George","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.3141\/1683-07","article-title":"Using Dual Loop Speed Traps To Identify Detector Errors","volume":"1683","author":"Coifman","year":"1999","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"26","article-title":"Vehicle Classification Algorithm using Fuzzy Expert Decision Set","volume":"4","author":"Geetharamant","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Innov. Eng. Manag."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"1896","article-title":"Vehicle Reidentification with the Inductive Loop Signature Technology","volume":"10","author":"Jeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. East. Asia Soc. Transp. Stud."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2006.883726","article-title":"Vehicle-Classification Algorithm for Single-Loop Detectors Using Neural Networks","volume":"55","author":"Ki","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1109\/TVT.2010.2049756","article-title":"Vehicle-Classification Algorithm Based on Component Analysis for Single-Loop Inductive Detector","volume":"59","author":"Meta","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1007\/s00521-009-0298-3","article-title":"Vehicle inductive signatures recognition using a Madaline neural network","volume":"19","author":"Silva","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neural Comput. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Jia, Z., Chen, C., Coifman, B., and Varaiya, P. (2001, January 25\u201329). The PeMS Algorithms for Accurate, Real-Time Estimates of g-factors and Speeds from Single-Loop Detectors. Proceedings of the IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSC), Oakland, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.3141\/2308-17","article-title":"Estimating Traffic Speed with Single Inductive Loop Event Data","volume":"2308","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transp. Res. Rec."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Klein, L., Gibson, D., and Mills, M. (2006). Traffic Detector Handbook, Federal Highway Administration. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamas-Seco, J.J., Dapena, A., Gonz\u00e1lez-Coma, J.P., Castro, P.M., and Vazquez-Araujo, F.J. (2015, January 8\u201311). System for Vehicle Classification: Hardware Prototype and Off-line Signal Proccesing. Proceedings of the IEEE Region 8 EuroCon Conference, Salamanca, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/EUROCON.2015.7313678"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Xia, Y., Shi, X., Song, G., Geng, Q., and Liu, Y. (2014). Towards improving quality of video-based vehicle counting method for traffic flow estimation. Signal Process."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sigpro.2014.07.025","article-title":"Vehicles overtaking detection using RGB-D data","volume":"112","author":"Xia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Signal Process."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/10\/27201\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:50:52Z","timestamp":1760215852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/10\/27201"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10]]}},"alternative-id":["s151027201"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s151027201","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,26]]}}}