{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,5]],"date-time":"2026-05-05T12:47:16Z","timestamp":1777985236679,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]],"date-time":"2015-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447200000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61223002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61223002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Youth Science and Technology Innovation Research Team Funding","award":["2011JTD0006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2011JTD0006"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Two Surface acoustic wave (SAW) resonators were fabricated on langasite substrates with Euler angle of (0\u00b0, 138.5\u00b0, 117\u00b0) and (0\u00b0, 138.5\u00b0, 27\u00b0). A dipole antenna was bonded to the prepared SAW resonator to form a wireless sensor. The characteristics of the SAW sensors were measured by wireless frequency domain interrogation methods from 20 \u00b0C to 600 \u00b0C. Different temperature behaviors of the sensors were observed. Strain sensing was achieved using a cantilever configuration. The sensors were measured under applied strain from 20 \u00b0C to 500 \u00b0C. The shift of the resonance frequency contributed merely by strain is extracted from the combined effects of temperature and strain. Both the strain factors of the two SAW sensors increase with rising ambient temperature, and the SAW sensor deposited on (0\u00b0, 138.5\u00b0, 117\u00b0) cut is more sensitive to applied strain. The measurement errors of the two sensors are also discussed. The relative errors of the two sensors are between 0.63% and 2.09%. Even at 500 \u00b0C, the hysteresis errors of the two sensors are less than 5%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]],"date-time":"2015-11-11T02:38:30Z","timestamp":1447209510000},"page":"28531-28542","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["High-Temperature SAW Wireless Strain Sensor with Langasite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1601-8590","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lin","family":"Shu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhengbing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"China Gas Turbine Establishment, Jiangyou 621703, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Senyang","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xingzhao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2006.1928","article-title":"An introduction to structural health monitoring","volume":"365","author":"Farrar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A: Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aftab, T., Yousaf, A., Hoppe, J., Stoecklin, S., Ostertag, T., and Reindl, L. (2015, January 13\u201315). A parallel plate dielectric resonator as a wireless passive strain sensor. Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), Hotel Kolovare, Croatia.","DOI":"10.1109\/SAS.2015.7133576"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"High-Resolution, Far-Field and Passive Temperature Sensing up to 700 \u00b0C Using an Isolated ZST Microwave Dielectric Resonator","volume":"PP","author":"Boccard","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Martin, L.C., Wrbanek, J.D., and Fralick, G.C. (2001, January 27\u201330). Thin Film Sensors for Surface Measurements. Proceedings of the 19th International Congress on ICIASF 2001: IEEE, Cleveland, OH, USA."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1109\/19.650822","article-title":"Wirelessly interrogable surface acoustic wave sensors for vehicular applications","volume":"4","author":"Pohl","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kalinin, V. (2011, January 18\u201321). Wireless physical SAW sensors for automotive applications. Proceedings of the 2011 IEEE International Ultrasonics Symposium, Orlando, FL, USA.","DOI":"10.1109\/ULTSYM.2011.0053"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3162","DOI":"10.1109\/TIM.2014.2328452","article-title":"Compensated SAW Yarn Tension Sensor","volume":"63","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.12.015","article-title":"Evaluation of langasite (La3Ga5SiO14) as a material for high temperature microsystems","volume":"130\u2013131","author":"Ansorge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A: Phys."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrena, I., Eisele, D., Mayer, E., Reindl, L.M., Bardong, J., and Schmitt, M. (2009, January 6\u20138). SAW-properties of langasite at high temperatures: Measurement and analysis. Proceedings of the 2009 3rd International Conference on Signals, Circuits and Systems, Medenine, Tunisia.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICSCS.2009.5414173"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3390\/s140100144","article-title":"High-Temperature Piezoelectric Sensing","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2013.2719","article-title":"Experimental Measurements of the Force-Frequency Effect of Thickness-Mode Langasite Resonators","volume":"60","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2012.2190","article-title":"Langasite surface acoustic wave sensors: Fabrication and testing","volume":"59","author":"Zheng","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1016\/j.snb.2005.03.071","article-title":"High temperature LGS SAW gas sensor","volume":"113","author":"Thiele","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators B: Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6910","DOI":"10.3390\/s130606910","article-title":"Surface Acoustic Wave Devices for Harsh Environment Wireless Sensing","volume":"13","author":"Greve","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sna.2005.06.004","article-title":"Investigation of TiO2 thick film capacitors for use as strain gauge sensors","volume":"122","author":"Arshak","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sens. Actuators A: Phys."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, J., Park, C., Kim, J., Kim, J., Park, J.W., and Yoo, K. (2000). Formation of low-resistance ohmic contacts between carbon nanotube and metal electrodes by a rapid thermal annealing method. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 33.","DOI":"10.1088\/0022-3727\/33\/16\/303"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schulz, M.B., Matsinger, B.J., and Holland, M.G. (1970). Temperature Dependence of Surface Acoustic Wave Velocity on \u03b1 Quartz. J. Appl. Phys., 41.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1659311"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"21","article-title":"Characterization of Langasite SAW Devices to Determine the Temperature and Strain Coefficients of Velocity","volume":"162","author":"Wilson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nalamwar, A.L. (1976). Surface acoustic waves in strained media. J. Appl. Phys., 47.","DOI":"10.1063\/1.322293"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"61","article-title":"Wireless passive strain sensor based on surface acoustic wave devices","volume":"90","author":"Nomura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sens. Transducers"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Belknap, E. (2011). Mechanical Characterization of SAW-Based Sensors for Wireless High Temperature Strain Measurements. [Ph.D. Thesis, The Ohio State University]."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1109\/TUFFC.2010.1443","article-title":"Temperature-compensated aluminum nitride Lamb wave resonators","volume":"57","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2013.2285722","article-title":"Characterization of Differentially Measured Strain Using Passive Wireless Surface Acoustic Wave (SAW) Strain Sensors","volume":"14","author":"Stoney","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/11\/28531\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:51:49Z","timestamp":1760215909000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/11\/28531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s151128531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s151128531","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8220","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,11]]}}}