{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:26:05Z","timestamp":1760243165694,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]],"date-time":"2015-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447372800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61301139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61301139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Nature Science Foundation of Shandong Province","award":["ZR2014FL014","ZR2014FM017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZR2014FL014","ZR2014FM017"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004307","name":"Distinguished Middle-Aged and Young Scientist Encourage and Reward Foundation of Shandong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014BSE28032"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014BSE28032"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004307","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Project in Colleges and Universities of Shandong Province","award":["J14LN53"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J14LN53"]}]},{"name":"Project of Basic Research Application of Qingdao City","award":["14-2-4-83-jch"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["14-2-4-83-jch"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vehicle positioning technology has drawn more and more attention in vehicular wireless networks to reduce transportation time and traffic accidents. Nowadays, global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) are widely used in land vehicle positioning, but most of them are lack precision and reliability in situations where their signals are blocked. Positioning systems base-on short range wireless communication are another effective way that can be used in vehicle positioning or vehicle ranging. IEEE 802.11p is a new real-time short range wireless communication standard for vehicles, so a new method is proposed to estimate the time delay or ranges between vehicles based on the IEEE 802.11p standard which includes three main steps: cross-correlation between the received signal and the short preamble, summing up the correlated results in groups, and finding the maximum peak using a dynamic threshold based on the skewness analysis. With the range between each vehicle or road-side infrastructure, the position of neighboring vehicles can be estimated correctly. Simulation results were presented in the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) vehicular multipath channel, which show that the proposed method provides better precision than some well-known timing estimation techniques, especially in low signal to noise ratio (SNR) environments.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151128942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,16]],"date-time":"2015-11-16T05:40:47Z","timestamp":1447652447000},"page":"28942-28959","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Timing Estimation Method Based-on Skewness Analysis in Vehicular Wireless Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2326-9518","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuerong","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunlei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jian-Hang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer and Communication Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization Global Status Report on Road Safety 2013: Supporting a Decade of Action. Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/10665\/78256\/1\/9789241564564_eng.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1007\/s11433-012-4650-8","article-title":"Research on positioning enhancement scheme of CAPS via UWB pseudolite","volume":"55","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"980","article-title":"A runtime integrity monitoring framework for real-time relative positioning systems based on GPS and DSRC","volume":"16","author":"Ansari","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"IEEE 802.11p-2010 Standard. Available online: http:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/getieee802\/download\/802.11p-2010.pdf."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1109\/MWC.2015.7143331","article-title":"Cooperative interference mitigation and handover management for heterogeneous cloud small cell networks","volume":"22","author":"Haijun","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE Wirel. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4794","DOI":"10.3390\/s110504794","article-title":"Information potential fields navigation in wireless Ad-Hoc sensor networks","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14809","DOI":"10.3390\/s150614809","article-title":"A low complexity system based on multiple weighted decision trees for indoor localization","volume":"15","author":"Quinteiro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-010-0357-x","article-title":"EDIPS: an easy to deploy indoor positioning system to support loosely coupled mobile work","volume":"15","author":"Vera","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"IEEE 802.11a-1999 Standard. Available online: http:\/\/standards.ieee.org\/getieee802\/download\/802.11a-1999.pdf.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0294-3506(99)80436-0"},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"1311","article-title":"Threshold selection for ultra-wideband TOA estimation based on neural networks","volume":"7","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Netw."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15513","DOI":"10.3390\/s131115513","article-title":"Kalman\/map filtering-aided fast normalized cross correlation-based Wi-Fi fingerprinting location sensing","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18410","DOI":"10.3390\/s141018410","article-title":"Distributed RSS-based localization in wireless sensor networks based on second-order cone programming","volume":"14","author":"Tomic","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10631","DOI":"10.3390\/s150510631","article-title":"Collaborative localization and location verification in WSNs","volume":"15","author":"Miao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-011-0449-2","article-title":"Variable elasticity spring-relaxation: improving the accuracy of localization for WSNs with unknown path loss exponent","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquit.Comput."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-013-0692-9","article-title":"Efficient and accurate sensor network localization","volume":"18","author":"Adnan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.3390\/s150100715","article-title":"Fusion of WiFi, smartphone sensors and landmarks using the Kalman filter for indoor localization","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00779-013-0713-8","article-title":"Square-root unscented Kalman filtering-based localization and tracking in the Internet of Things","volume":"18","author":"Guo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pers. Ubiquit. Comput."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20274","DOI":"10.3390\/s141120274","article-title":"A modular localization system as a positioning service for road transport","volume":"14","author":"Brida","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1613","DOI":"10.1109\/26.650240","article-title":"Robust frequency and timing synchronization for OFDM","volume":"45","author":"Schmidl","year":"1997","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"87","article-title":"Preamble design problematic with 802.11a IEEE standard (Minn\u2019s training sequence)","volume":"17","author":"Oni","year":"2008","journal-title":"Radioengineering"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reddy, A.K., Mahanta, A.A., and Bora, P.K. (2004, January 21\u201324). On timing and frequency offset estimation in OFDM systems. Proceedings of the TENCON 2004. 2004 IEEE Region 10 Conference.","DOI":"10.1109\/TENCON.2004.1414730"},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"MathWorks OFDM Synchronization. Available online: http:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/help\/comm\/examples\/ofdm-synchronization.html."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1109\/LCOMM.2014.2358234","article-title":"Robust timing estimation method for OFDM systems with reduced complexity","volume":"18","author":"Yun","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Commun. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Guidelines for Evaluation of Radio Transmission Technologies for IMT-2000. Available online: https:\/\/www.itu.int\/dms_pub\/itu-r\/oth\/0A\/0E\/R0A0E00000C0001MSWE.doc."}],"container-title":["Sensors"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/11\/28942\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T20:52:04Z","timestamp":1760215924000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/15\/11\/28942"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]}},"alternative-id":["s151128942"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/s151128942","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8220"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8220"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,13]]}}}