{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T16:40:28Z","timestamp":1761324028289,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]],"date-time":"2015-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1447977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nowadays, manufacturing processes have become highly complex. Besides, more and more, governmental institutions require companies to implement systems to trace a product\u2019s life (especially for foods, clinical materials or similar items). In this paper, we propose a new framework, based on cyber-physical systems, for developing traceability systems in small manufacturing companies (which because of their size cannot implement other commercial products). We propose a general theoretical framework, study the requirements of these companies in relation to traceability systems, propose a reference architecture based on both previous elements and build the first minimum functional prototype, to compare our solution to a traditional tag-based traceability system. Results show that our system reduces the number of inefficiencies and reaction time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151129478","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,24]],"date-time":"2015-11-24T01:57:02Z","timestamp":1448330222000},"page":"29478-29510","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["TF4SM: A Framework for Developing Traceability Solutions in Small Manufacturing Companies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7815-5924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Borja","family":"Bordel S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense n\u00b030, Madrid 28040, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1183-9579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ram\u00f3n","family":"Alcarria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Topogr\u00e1fica y Cartograf\u00eda, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, UPM Campus Sur, Km 7.5 de la Autov\u00eda de Valencia, Madrid 28031, Spain"}]},{"given":"Diego","family":"Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense n\u00b030, Madrid 28040, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6940-8421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tom\u00e1s","family":"Robles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda de Sistemas Telem\u00e1ticos, Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, Avenida Complutense n\u00b030, Madrid 28040, Spain"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Project: Real-time Monitoring and Optimization of Resource Efficiency in Integrated Processing Plants (FP7-NMP-2013-SMALL-7), Supported by the European Commission. 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