{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:25:59Z","timestamp":1760243159326,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1448928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC61273072"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC61273072"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the Environmental Protection Plan of Zhejiang Province","award":["2013A034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2013A034"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Sensors"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A node non-uniform deployment based on clustering algorithm for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs) is proposed in this study. This algorithm is proposed because optimizing network connectivity rate and network lifetime is difficult for the existing node non-uniform deployment algorithms under the premise of improving the network coverage rate for UWSNs. A high network connectivity rate is achieved by determining the heterogeneous communication ranges of nodes during node clustering. Moreover, the concept of aggregate contribution degree is defined, and the nodes with lower aggregate contribution degrees are used to substitute the dying nodes to decrease the total movement distance of nodes and prolong the network lifetime. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can achieve a better network coverage rate and network connectivity rate, as well as decrease the total movement distance of nodes and prolong the network lifetime.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/s151229786","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]],"date-time":"2015-12-01T10:26:58Z","timestamp":1448965618000},"page":"29997-30010","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Node Non-Uniform Deployment Based on Clustering Algorithm for Underwater Sensor Networks"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Peng","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Lab for IOT and Information Fusion Technology of Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China"},{"name":"College of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2005.01.004","article-title":"Underwater acoustic sensor networks: Research challenges","volume":"3","author":"Akyildiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2011.0214","article-title":"Underwater sensor networks: Applications, advances and challenges","volume":"370","author":"Heidemann","year":"2012","journal-title":"Philos. 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